Immigration Specificity of ELLs in Canada and the USA

The issues of immigration affect the linguistic policies of the most popular destinations of newcomers, the US and Canada. The article of Fairbairn and Fox (2009) explores a great number of implications for the state agencies responsible for the formation of education curricula, assessment tools, and formulation of standards according to which the outcomes of learning are assessed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Immigration Specificity of ELLs in Canada and the USA specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main focus of the article is drawn upon the specificity of ELLs (English language learners) both in Canada and the USA. The authors state that there are a number of challenges for both countries in educational terms, though they have completely different approaches to facing educational challenges (Fairbairn Fox, 2009). There is much valuable information for considering the challenges ELLs face within the framewor k of the state educational policies and assessment techniques applied both in Canada and the USA. The state policies foster the homogeneous, standardized approach to testing and measuring outcomes of studies, while the ELLs are a highly dynamic and heterogeneous group of learners. The immigrants come from various backgrounds, and their socio-cultural specificity is always the decisive factor in the field of retaining academic information. Hence, Fairbairn and Fox (2009) indicate that the main consequences of the unified approach and ignoring the uniqueness of numerous ELL groups in the Canadian and American schools include: ELLs’ underperformance, high levels of drop-outs, little chance to retain good statistics of learning progress for schools with a high percentage of ELLs, the misleading effect of test outcomes, as well as the individual ones such as the low levels of self-esteem of ELLs who fall behind the mainstream category of students. The reality is adequately reflect ed in the article of Fairbairn and Fox (2009): while much attention is paid to the student achievement, the tests absolutely not appropriated for measuring the academic knowledge and skills of ELLs. There are two sets of activities that should be undertaken on the state and provincial level to increase the ability of states to meet the heterogeneity of ELLs’ needs. They are designed for test developers and decision-makers, and focus on the specific areas of their responsibilities and powers that can be enacted to improve the situation with testing standards for ELLs. As for the implications for test developers, one has to pay attention to such recommendations as including graphic/visual support, adjusting the test development process to include practical experience of teachers in the classroom regarding the needs of ELLs, and using plain language for testing design (Fairbairn Fox, 2009). Until the centrality of a test taker is recognized, no stakeholder in the educational pr ocess will be able to make the educational process compliant with the testing outcomes.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is clear that tests are detached from the everyday reality in the classroom, which is easy for native speakers to cope with because of the sufficient volume of background knowledge in English, but which can become a real challenge for ELLs reducing their testing scores. Continuation of research and development of appropriate test support also appear essential on the way to successful inclusion of ELLs in the Canadian and American educational context. As for decision-makers in Canada and the USA, one should note the necessity to recognize texture within ELL population (as the only way to enhance the categorization thereof), and to write clear and appropriate ELL assessment policies (Fairbairn Fox, 2009). Recognition of ELL uniqueness is the first step for th e appropriate legal action towards the policy of inclusion. Further on, the inclusion of ELL-specific requirements in requests for proposals should be implemented throughout the testing process, since the expertise of teachers working with ELLs must be put to the fore in the policy formation regarding this issue (Fairbairn Fox, 2009). Appropriate assignment of accommodations, proper scoring and interpretation of results for ELL testing are an urgent necessity to ensure the provision of adequate attention to the educational needs of ELLs and their further progress in English language learning outcomes. This essay on Immigration Specificity of ELLs in Canada and the USA was written and submitted by user Howard Saint to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Odysseus- The Man Skilled in All Ways of Contending (from the Odyssey by Homer)

Odysseus- The Man Skilled in All Ways of Contending (from the Odyssey by Homer) In The Odyssey by Homer, the character Odysseus proves his resourcefulness and intelligence. He uses this cleverness throughout the book in his adventures, proving his peira, or worth, since he is an epic hero. He is known by all, including the gods, for his cleverness.On the island of Kalypso, Odysseus proves that he is faithful to his wife and also clever in how he addresses Kalypso. Kalypso begs him in Book 5 to stay with her, and her temptation nearly makes Odysseus fall for her allure. She promises not only to save him from having to face problems in getting home, but to also give him immortality, which is a very desirable choice for anyone. But Odysseus is not interested. He wants to be back with his wife, but when asked who is more beautiful, he tactfully replies to Kalypso:"My lady goddess, here is no cause for anger.ODYSSEUS karnavires 68My quiet Penelopehow well I knowWould seem a shade before your majesty,Death and old age being unknown to you,While she must die"(p. 87)Say ing that Kalypso is more beautiful than Penelope is smart. Kalypso's plea causes tension in Odysseus' journey. He wants to see his wife and home again, but he also presumably wants all the tempting things Kalypso has to offer. He makes a wise decision in making her swear by the Styx that she will not try to harm him if he chooses to go home. This is wise, as she cannot break this promise, and proves his cunning.Odysseus proves his resourcefulness a couple times on the island of the Cyclops known as Polyphemos. Odysseus tells the Cyclops that his name is "Nobody," so after poking the monster's eye out, the Cyclops cannot tell the others of his race who disabled him. He...

Is CEO Compensation Justified by Performance Research Paper

Is CEO Compensation Justified by Performance - Research Paper Example Since they are getting a well paying compensation, they do not have any other businesses or money generating activities. Having other income generating activities will affect their concentration on the firm. This could ruin the firm’s performance as they are concentrating on other businesses. However, when all their attention is attracted to the firm that is offering perfect compensation, they are likely to reflect the best performance. In such a situation, the firm is likely to flourish in recording the best performance. CEOs that have a well paying compensation scheme depict the aspect of creativity and critical thinking. Creativity is vital in ensuring a firm is on the best track to give stunning performance. Creativity includes slotting better avenues of conducting businesses with clients and other businesses. In such a situation, the businesses are best prepared to record positive performance in the market. Similarly, creativity in a firm ensures all the activities are do ne at the right time and at the right place. For instance, creativity ensures the institution effects all the plans at the right time. This includes market inception plans for some products and services. Without such creativity, the firm is likely to record dwindling performance (Joshi, 2). ... However, lowly rated CEOs do not enhance the critical thinking aspect as they do not have the sole interest. Apparently, firms that remunerate their CEOs with high compensation are well prepared to tackle any setbacks in the market due to critical thinking aspect. The performance of a firm depends on employee and CEO morale. Employees and CEOs that have high morale are likely to record positive performance in the market. However, employees and CEOs that do not have morale in the business are likely to wilt the business. Apparently, CEOs that have a high compensation rate have morale to record better performance with each passing financial calendar. Since they have a better compensation, they have nothing to lose when the firm is on the verge of making an even better improvement. In many instances, the CEOs will be committed to making a better performance since they are given better compensation (Schwartz 1). In such instances, the CEOs will go to greater heights of ensuring the moral e of their employees is boosted. When the morale of workers is enhanced, it is almost certain that the firm will make an improvement with time. However, when the CEOs do not have the best preparation in enhancing their own morale, the workers’ morale will also be low. As such, they both will not have any commitment in making a better accrual in the firm. CEOs with high compensation rate have a future in the firm. The futuristic aspect is mostly enhanced by the better compensation in comparison to other CEOs. Such CEOs will be futuristic and will give all it takes to make an improvement in the firm. For instance, when the CEOs have better compensation, they are likely to make long term commitments to the firm. Given that they want to protect

Settlement House Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Settlement House Movement - Essay Example The lady has the image of â€Å"Gentle angle of mercy† which is accurate but incomplete to certain extent as she was also viewed as businesswoman who is shrewd but has expertise in fund rising and skilled agent for publicity. All of these skills combined proved to be successful for the lady as it drove Hull House to success and gave Jane Addams a status of being a celebrity. She has been made Head of The National Conference of Charities and Corrections, the Women’s League for International Peace and Freedom and the Women’s Peace Party. She was awarded Nobel Prize for Peace in 1993 that was shared with Nicholas Murray Butler (Pickus, 10). Jane Addams is among the pioneers of social work and her aim of life was to provide as much help as possible to the people who are poor. The lady has been recognized worldwide for establishing a settlement house in Chicago, Illinois; the house was her home which was dedicated to help poor people who are living in urban areas. The primary aim of Jane Addams was to live side by side with poor people and understand their problems while help them in dealing with them so that they can live a good life (Rabin, 50). She was born in Cedarville region of Illinois State on 8th September in 1860. Her father was Legislator of the State and she had eight siblings. Her mother passed away when she was only three years old; Jane was born with curved spine and it was embarrassing for her as she was getting older. In 1881, Jane Addams completed her graduation from Rockford Female Seminary and she started studying medicine in Women’s College of Pennsylvania; she was unable to continue her education when her father passed away and her health problems made difficult for her to complete her studies. In order to have surgery for her congenital spinal defect in 1882, she abandoned her studies and went for this remedial solution for her problem. From 1883-1885, she went for tour

Maple Syrup Urine Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Maple Syrup Urine Disease - Essay Example This enzyme complex is composed of three catalytic components E1, E2, and E3 and two regulatory enzymes, BCKD phosphatase and BCKD kinase. The E1 component is further divided into two subunits, E1 and E1 (Bodamer, 2008). The defect in maple syrup urine disease lies in the E1, E1, E2, and E3 components (Fauci et al, 2008: 2472). In addition, E3 component is also associated with pyruvate dehydrogenase and -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, thus, this defect in BCKD with specific mutation in E3 causes additional deficit in pyruvate and -ketoglutarate dehydrogenases (Bodamer, 2008). The catabolism of BCAAs involves the same enzymes in the first two steps (Laygo, 2007:28). The first enzyme utilized is BCAA aminotransferase which converts leucine, isoleucine and valine to their -ketoacids: -ketoisocaproic acid, -keto--methylvaleric acid, and -ketoisovaleric acid respectively. The branched-chain -ketoacid dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the decarboxylation of these -ketoacids so that they are degraded to short fatty acids, isovaleryl-CoA, -methylbutyryl-CoA and isobutyryl-CoA (Leucine mildly to moderately elevated). Further metabolism should yield acetyl-CoA, acetoacetate, and succinyl-CoA (Bodamer, 2008). Among the clinical manifestations of maple syrup urine disease are lethargy, vomiting, encephalopathy, seizures, mental retardation, "maple syrup" odor and protein intoleranc

China Social Classes

China Social Classes The social class structure of China has a long history, ranging from the feudal society of imperial times to the industrialising and urbanising society of today. The traditional Chinese social structure was distinct in many ways from the Western societies. Not only has the Peoples Republic by far the largest population ruled by a single government, and has lacked an institutional church or otherwise powerful religious elite, it has also always had a unique and highly developed lineage system operating alongside a centralised bureaucratic political structure. The former disparities have led Whyte et al (1977) to conclude that modern processes of social change would proceed differently from both the West and other developing economies. The main aim of this essay is to describe and account for the changes in Chinas social classes since 1949. It is important, however, to firstly define this term so that a clear distinction of the social groups within the Chinese society can be drawn. It will become apparent, that not only have the changes for the various classes been vast, but also that the Maoist government had been hugely occupied with stratifying their people as a means to abolish the class structure to ultimately reach an egalitarian society. The principal line of reasoning of this paper is that these conflicting events have created the greatest divide amongst Chinese society, i.e. between the rural and the urban population, whose consequences are still omnipresent today more than thirty years after Maos death. â€Å"Class, at its core, is an economic concept; it is the position of individuals in the market that determines their class position. And it is how one is situated in the marketplace that directly affects ones life chances.† (Hurst, 2007) This was theorized by Weber in his three-component theory of stratification which includes wealth, prestige and power on the basis of unequal access to material resources.† (Weber, 1964). One of the most prominent Chinese sociologists and author of Xiangtu Zhonguo, Fei Xiaotong, argues that Chinese society consists of a meticulous ranking of people, who are classified according to distinct categories of social relationships. While western societies are made up of an organisational mode of association (tuantigeju), Chinese society is created by applying logic of chaxugeju, i.e. an egocentric system of social networks linking people together in multiple ways through moral demands on each person in a specific context. As such, Fei argues, China should not be viewed as a class-based but a net-work based system. This notion is a harsh contrast to the Marxist interpretation and to the use of class-analysis that Mao and others applied in an attempt to change Chinese society and to mobilise the peasantry, rather than as a way to understand it. Maos idea was to use Marxism to break through the old relational bonds of society, which he labelled feudalistic, and to create new ca tegories for rebuilding the social order. Much of the difficulties in understanding the Chinese concept of class stems from the tumult within the society it is intended to analyse. As Kraus (1981) notes first revolution, then rapid industrialisation have compressed a broad range of radical social changes within a single generation. And most of all, â€Å"changing Chinese approaches to the class system of the PRC are themselves elements in the social conflict which they prescribe, illuminate and obscure† (ibid). The Party had a great interest in class analysis, which was purely strategic, never academic. Maos 1926 essay â€Å"the Analysis of the Classes in Chinese Society† opens with the question â€Å"Who are our enemies? Who are our friends?† (Selected Works of Mao Tse-Tung, 1967). In order to reach one day the desired egalitarian society that Marx had proposed for the future the party had to specify the social order of the present time and of each individual c itizen. That way, potential support could be identified and mobilised, the enemies isolated and the intermediate classes be persuaded to join sides with the revolutionaries. In an attempt to identify the people who should receive benefits and those who should lose them, the Party applied a complex system of over sixty class designations which ranged from categories that were clearly bad such as capitalists and landlords, through to intermediate designations of petty bourgeoisie and middle peasant, to the workers and poor peasants in whose name the revolution had been made.1 The unfamiliarity of the ordinary people and many cadres with the Marxist notion of class categories led Mao to demand the press to publish the categories in newspapers so that all persons could understand the significance of their new class designations. Since the revolution was based in rural areas, the semi-feudal set of class designations was more elaborate than others. Kraus (1981) suggests that the differen tiation of rural classes was complex both because of the wide-ranging relationships which they encompassed and because of the Partys experience with them. It is for this reason that the designation of strata within classes was particularly rich, including e.g. hired agricultural labourer, poor peasant, middle peasant, rich peasant etc., while the varieties of landlords are even more impressive and contain a certain connotation, such as enlightened landlord, bankrupt, tyrannical, reactionary, hidden or overseas Chinese landlords. Although the Party worked systematically in applying the theories of Karl Marx in designating the different classes, and although Marxs theory of class has been subject to considerable controversy among academics and practicing revolutionaries, it is certain that Marx never understood class to be what twentieth-century western social science calls stratification. Unlike the latter, which is essentially a static concept, class is embedded in history, is dynamic and is centred upon the question of change. Dahrendorf (?) adds that, for Marx â€Å"the theory of class was not a theory of a cross section of society arrested in time but a tool for the explanation of changes in total societies.† Social Change under Mao: During empirical times prestige was generated from education, abstention from manual labour, wealth expended on the arts and education, as well as a large family with many sons and an extensive personal network. In summary, there was no sharp divide between the elite and masses, and social mobility was possible and common. Chinese society since the second decade of the twentieth century, has been the subject of a revolution intended to change it in fundamental ways. As the model shows, Chinese society now has a peasant class, a working class (which includes urban state workers and urban collective workers as well as urban non-state workers and peasant workers), a capitalist class (about 15 million), a cadre class (about 40 million and a quasi-cadre class (about 27 million). According to Li Yi the basic pattern of Chinese society was established by 1960, and all changes since then, including the economic reforms in the 1980s have only been modifications and adjustments to the pattern. Li describes this pattern as â€Å"cellular†, i.e. most people belong to one large, all-embracing unit such as a factory, government office of village. The main transformation of the society was carried out by the party during the 1950s in a series of major campaigns. Society was organised â€Å"vertical†, i.e. each individual and social group was put into a hierarchically organised system as opposed to belonging to social institutions that were organised horizontally by their members. On the macro-level one could find the pervasive system of the cerntralised buraucracy (xitong) which itself was organised according to the ‘branch (tiao) principle. The micro-level was represented by work-units (danwei), state-enterprises and rural collectives, which encompassed each individuals live comprehensively. As White (1993) notes, this â€Å"system of verticality has led to social encapsulation† , which means that individuals and groups were â€Å"encloistered† within their units and separated from other units at the same level. Cadres after 1950s: After 1949, the Communist Party cadres became the new upper class in China, with the revolutionaries ruling the country. Their status allowed them access to materials and options that werent fairly distributed or otherwise reachable. Especially housing, which was in great demand particularly in the larger cities, was easily accessible for cadres who were protected from the intense competition for the scarce living space. Countryside: When the communists came to power in the 1950s, the social hierarchy changed fundametally. The communist party held peasants and those people in esteem who had joined the communist revolution. In an attempt to reduce rural inequalities, resources were confiscated from the wealthy, and since wealth consisted primarily of agricultural land, the landlord families were the target of harsh punishment campaigns. Many of the latter as well as educated elites lost their land and other properties and many were executed in retribution for the exploitation of tenant farmers. From 1951 one, the initial land reform redistributed the confiscated land equally and foremostly to those families who didnt own any for them to farm privately. In 1953, however, a series of reformes were implemented in which the government began taking back this land, designating it as community property. â€Å"Families were required to work larger plots of land collectively, in groups of twenty to forty households† (bookrags.com, 2008) and the harvest was split between the government and the collective. At the same time, local governments took over commerce, shops, markets and other forms of private trade and replaced them by supply and marketing cooperatives and the commercial bureaus of the local governments. Thus, instead of using the farmed produce for themselves and instead of selling of the surplus on local markets, individuals were â€Å"paid† for their efforts in points by the newly established supply cooperatives, which then periodically traded the grain for money. On the whole, the size of the unit was increased and the role of private ownership as well as inherited land was decreased. By the early 1960s, an estimated 90 million family farms had been replaced by about 74,000 communes. Maos overall vision was to capitalise on the sheer number of peasants and effecitvely produce a surplus harvest that would help industralisation. This was known as the Great Leap forward, which is now widely regarded as a failure since it had resulted in the death of more than twenty million peasants. Urban life after 1950: At the same time as the land reforms were implemented in rural areas, large industries and in fact virtually all privately owned business were nationalised in the cities and craft enterprises and guilds were reorganised into large-scale cooperatives which became the branches of the local governments. Just as farmers were put into communes, state workers were placed in large work units called danweis. In an effort to ensure full employment, market competition in these firms was eliminated. People leaving school were assigned jobs bureaucratically, and once matched a job, employees could not quit voluntarily. But they could not be fired either, and thus had a job guaranteed in the same company for life with their children inheriting their position. In fact, there did not exists such a word as ‘unemploment in the Chinese language, according to the idea that there exist no unemployment in socialist countries, only individuals â€Å"waiting for work† (Imamura, 2003). Mobility within the danwei mostly only consisted of gaining administrative promotions. Since most of the alternative routes to social mobility were closed off, formal education continued to be the primary avenue of upward mobility. But since the urban education reform grew at a rate much faster than in rural areas, more and more workers were high school graduates. The slowing of state industries and the increasing number of qualified middle class candidates contributed to the fact that it became increasingly difficult to obtain a position as a state worker. Hence, urban youths not selected for further eduaction and those looking for work were often sent to rural areas to work in agriculture. This flow has been increased by more intensive mobilisation and a new law was passed that demanded secondary school graduates to work in agriculture for at least to years before becoming eligible for further schooling. In this mode, a total of 12 million urban youths were moved to the countryside betwee n 1968 and 1975 (Whyte et al, 1977). These large transfers of urban people to rural areas were made possible by the state monopoly over employment and urban housing, by the hukou registration and rationing, and by the impressive political network that had alrady been established in all neighbourhoods. On the whole, one can say that this rural settlement has been accomplished by social pressure rather than by incentives to move. It is debatable whether this massive programm of population transfers was intended primarily to â€Å"avoid having large numbers of ‘unemployed people living in cities parasitically† (Bernstein, 1977), or whether this was meant to be part of a more positive effort to close the rural-urban gap by supplying villages with well-educated and more scientifically sophisticated personnel. Urban inequalities were further reduced through salary compression in firms. Differences in the salary paid for high-skill, high-prestige occupations such as doctors and other professionals, and blue-collar work such as unskilled factory employees was decreased dramatically. Efforts were also maid to downplay the social importance of the former and to increase the prestige of the latter. Ever concerned about economic inequalities, the government also appropriated wealth and abolished labout markets in urban areas. Privately owned housing was seized and subdivided into much smaller living spaces. Effectively, families could rent apartments but never purchase them, which abolished a key element in wealth inequalities because properties could not be perpetuated from generation to generation any longer. Communist overall: position? It is readily distinguishable that communism has brought about far-reaching changes in China with the rural population having to adjust to the shifting ideological currents. Traditionally, the average citizen, and especially the more than eighty percent rural population, had little or nothing to do with the central of local government. Most peasants lives were centred on their home village or township, while the family was the main unit of economic production and social activity. The Maoist revolution, however, injected the Communist party into every sphere of rural and urban life and every institution of society. Thus, for the average Chinese citizen, whether rural or urban, Communism has brought about an almost intrusive role of governmental element into the daily life and embedded itself in the operations of all significant facets of the economy and society. The formerly local, small-scale and fragmented power structure was replaced by a national and well-integrated bureaucratic s ystem. The unpredictable consequences of market forces were replaced by administrative allocation and changing economic polices enforced by the government. Rural-Urban-Divide Marx did, moreover, make out the elimination of the distinction between city and countryside as one of the major goals of the future Communist society. In the 1950s, however, and ironically enough in light of Marxist pretensions the Party drove a wedge between rural and urban areas that was novel in Chinese history. Solinger (1999) explains that its chief purpose was to lock onto the land a potential underclass, ready to be exploited to fulfill the new states cherished project of industrialisation. The party used administrative orders and resource controls to isolate the urban population, not just geographically but socially as well. Although Marx had predicted that only capitalist states would do so, the party hoped to be to be able to draw upon the peasantry as an industrial reserve army. The Hukou-System By the 1960s the Chinese government had implemented their policy of household registration which was different from anything that had previously existed both in China and in the rest of the socialist world. The aim of the hukou system was to avoid over-urbanisation, to make distribution of state services through the work units and communes easter and to better prepare the population for a possible invastion by the Sovjet Union. It eliminated geographical mobility entirely since it â€Å"fixed people permanently on the basis of their birth place or their husbands residence† (Cheng and Selden, the City) and thus made it illegal to migrate from the countryside into cities.Accordingly, all persons were required to register their place of residence officially, with records maintained by the public security office of the higher agricultural cooperative in the countryside and in the neighborhood in cities. From then on, residence status became an ascribed, inherited one, which determ ined an individuals entire livelihood and welfare based on the location of the registration. Since rations of grain, cloth and other needed articles were tied to ones hukou, individuals living in urban areas without permission had to live off friends, relatives or the black market. Although a class system in the usual sense was abolished, a new set of categories, if not precisely a new class system supplanted the dismantled class hierarchy of the past. There were 6 different levels of ranks, in descending order: peasants, non-peasants, city and town residents, urbanities, those in large cities, and those in cities directly administered by the central government. â€Å"Just after liberation, peasant households did not fell lower rank (diren yideng) and urban ones did not feel higher Later, a great difference in interest came from the differences in where one lived†¦ A ranking structure was gradually established with the peasant household at the lowest level.† (Ging, Zhongguo xianxing). Therefore, one can conclude that the hukou system did actually set up a new class distinctions between the rural and urban populace. This understanding of class draws upon Honigs work on the ethnicity of native place in China, in which she offers the rich insight that native-place identity, and thus the urban-versus-rural-identity can well serve as â€Å"a metaphor for class† (Honig, Creating Chinese Ethnicity). The boundaries placed around the rural population as a whole rendered the peasantry as a separate, inferior class or status group in comparison to urban residents. Because the generic peasant was not legally prohibited from migrating, when the Hukou was destroyed in (?), migration took on a totally state-determined and ‘class-based dimension. As Kraus rightly states, â€Å"the CCP first set boundaries around peasants, marking them off as a separate, ascribed status group almost a pariah class and then barring them from entering urban areas.† Or if they did enter, it was never as citizens, but as subjects, who were not supported with the rationed food or access to welfare services. When peasants and semi-peasants entered the city, the often felt comparatively deprived by the tightly locked city walls. Whereas everyone was poor in the country side, differences in wealth were readily obvious after entering the city. Impact of Economic Reform on Chinese Society On the eve of reform, the structure of Chinese civil society was similar to a typical less-developed country of the third world, despite Maos efforts to make certain industrial and technological advancements, which were most notable in the nuclear armaments sector. As Chinese social statistical data (Zhongguo shehui tongji ziliao) states, in 1978 eightytwo percent of the population were rural, 71% of the countrys labour force worked in agriculture or related activites, 93.3% worked in manual labour as opposed to mental ones and the private sector was negligible so that the main destinction was between state and collective sectors. The vast majority of the people, i.e. 76% worked in rural collectives, and only 5.1% in urban collectives. 18.6 % of the people worked for state enterprises. White (1993) concludes, that this institutional devide reinforced the rural-urban distintion because levels of income and conditions of work were generally superior in state firms. Since the rise of ot her classes such as self-employed or private entrepreneurs was prohibited, Chinas social structure on the eve of reform was relatively homogenous. According to White, the ‘official structure only contained two classes (workers and peasants) and one stratum (intelligentsia). In an attempt to further homogenise the members of each social group, uniform conditions of work were imposed upon them and the emergence of internal differences limited. The economic reforms, on the whole, have affected the specific social classes in different ways and have led to changes in the existing groups and have even led to the rise of new ones. This has created a new political environment which may affect the fundamental credibility of the communist regime and may influence the policy process in the future. The main impact of the reforms on society can be described as its shift â€Å"away from the state and its ancillary agencies† (ibid) towards individuals, households, firms and groups. The change in the relationship between the state and society has brought about an uneven redistribution of economic power for the latter and this dispersion of greater social power has opened up the potential for a new social sphrere with greater social autonomy from the state. One can possible observe the shoots of an incipient civil society which also brings about crucial implications for Chinas long-term political future. These shifts were part of a broader process of rapid social differentiation. Chinese social structure has become more complex both in terms of structure and attitudes because the existing classes have itself become more internally complex due to diversification in the different economic sectors, in the forms of ownership and the levels of income. Some of the new classes and strata that have emerged are: The nuveau-riche peasant, who have made money quickly in recent years through specialised agricultural production or diversification into the local industries, trade and services. (see Song article); Private entrepreneurs in the cities, who have accumulated small fortunes through personal initiatives, specialised skills or good guanxi-networks; A growing number of entrepreneurial managers in state-owned enterprises who are well attuned to the spreading logic of market competition. Moreover, Chinese society has become more fluid and dynamic again and there has been a rapid increase in horizontal mobility within the countryside, between urban and rural areas and between regions. Conclusion: The political apparatus used to destroy the old inequalities has itself given rise to a new set of social distinctions. Political power has been employed to transform Chinese society but it seems that the Party changed society faster than it has been able to modify its comprehension of a dynamic social structure. As Wallerstein concludes, â€Å"classes do not have some permanent reality. Rather, they are formed, they consolidate themselves, they disintegrate or disaggregate, and are reformed. It is a process of constant movement, and the greatest barrier to understanding their action is reification.† In the capitalist society movement between classes is a possibility. Hence the use of the term â€Å"The American Dream† to show the ability of people to ascend to a higher class through hard work and ingenuity. â€Å"Class composition is forever changing, to the point where there may be a completely new set of families.† (Schumpeter, 165) Furthermore, Chinas leaders wanted to change some aspects that were found in the traditional society such as the content of education and rural tenure, but they left other aspects, e.g. the family structure, largely untouched. In the villages the army offered the only reasonable alternative to a lifetime spent in the fields, and in fact, demobilised soldiers staffed much of the local administrative structure in rural areas. Systematic attempt by the regime to contain society within a limited number of categories. 1 see handout about social classes References: Hurst, Charles E. (2007). Social Inequality Forms, Causes, and Consequences Sixth Edition. Allyn and Bacon Boston, MA. Weber, Max. (1964). The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. edited by Talcott Parsons. New York, NY: The Free Press Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung, Beijing: Foreign Language Press, 1967, 1:13 (Wallerstein, I. (1975) ‘Class-Formation in the Capitalist World-Economy, Politics and Society, Volume 5(3) p. 369) White, G. (1993), Riding the Tiger The Politics of Economic Reform in Post-Mao China. London: Macmillan. http://www.bookrags.com/research/social-stratificationchina-ema-05/ as at 3rd. April 2008. Imamura, H. (2003) ‘Unemployment Problems and Unemployment Insurance in China Far Eastern Studies Vol.2 (March), pp.45-67. Whyte, M.K., Vogel, E.F., and Parish, W.L. (1977) ‘Social Structure of World Regions: Mainland China Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 3, pp. 179-207. Bernstein, T. (1977) The Transfer of Urban Youth to the Countryside: Revolutionary Change in China. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. Zhongguo shehui tongji ziliao (ZGSHTJZL; China Social Statistical Data

A Childs Struggle in Alices Adventures in Wonderland Essay -- Alice

A Child's Struggle in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland      Ã‚   Lewis Carroll's Wonderland is a queer little universe where a not so ordinary girl is faced with the contradicting nature of the fantastic creatures who live there. Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is a child's struggle to survive in the condescending world of adults. The conflict between child and adult gives direction to Alice's adventures and controls all the outstanding features of the work- Alice's character, her relationship with other characters, and the dialogue. " Alice in Wonderland is on one hand so nonsensical that children sometimes feel ashamed to have been interested in anything so silly (Masslich 107)." The underlying message of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is a rejection of adult authority. The character of Alice is not at all like what you would find in a typical children's book. "The character of Alice herself is a bit puzzling, even to the modern child, because it does not fit a stereotype. How much more unusual she must have seemed to Victorian children, used to girl angels fated for death (in Dickens, Stowe, and others), or to impossibly virtuous little ladies, or to naughty girls who eventually reform in response to heavy adult pressure... But Alice is neither naughty nor overly nice. Her curiosity leads her into her initial adventure and most of the latter ones in the book... (Leach 119)." As Alice makes her way through Wonderland , she is faced with many pompous personalities that have their own ways of thinking and do not understand why Alice does not agree with their views. Alice takes into consideration what each character says. After becoming quite confused and disgruntled she learns that everyone in Wonderland is in fact m... ...,1865. Empson, William "Alice in Wonderland" Some Versions of Pastoral (1974). 812-14 Rpt. in Nineteenth- Century Literature Criticisms. Ed. Laurie Harris. Detroit: Gale Research, 1982. 2: 112- 14. Harris, Laurie, ed. Nineteenth- Century Literature Criticisms. Detroit: Gale Research, 1982. 76 vols. Hubbell, George Shelton "The Sanity of Wonderland" The Sewanee Review (1927) 387-98. Rpt. in Nineteenth- Century Literature Criticisms. Ed. Laurie Harris. Detroit: Gale Research, 1982. 2: 109. Leach, Elsie "Alice in Wonderland" The Victorian Newsletter (1964) Rpt. in Nineteenth- Century Literature Criticisms. Ed. Laurie Harris. Detroit: Gale Research, 1982. 2: 119. Masslich, George B. "A Book Within a Book" The English Journal (1921) 119-29. Rpt. in Nineteenth- Century Literature Criticisms. Ed. Laurie Harris. Detroit: Gale Research, 1982. 2: 107.

Effective Study Skills Essay

Why it is so hard to concentrate while studying, or even to study effectively? The hardest part of studying is concentrating on the material at hand. Memorizing everything is nearly impossible, but with a better understanding of effective memorization skills you can improve your memorization skills surely. Did you know that the most effective method of studying is to use notes, or note-cards? Some people actually have trouble taking notes, due to improper note taking methods. Although there are many different methods for effective study skills, there are three that have been proven to be the most effective: concentration, memorization, and ote taking skills. Have you ever found yourself reading a paragraph, and when you finish you think to yourself, â€Å"What did I Just read†? Well 10 and behold; it happens to the best of us. One proven method of concentration is to get yourself into a quite, but not completely silent to where you hear yourself think, environment. Also if you will adjust yourself to where you are not slouching or hunching over, as these positions tend to make you ache or get sleepy. The next step is to read at a steady pace, not too fast to where you forget and not to slow to where you read the same thing over and If you’re like me then you probably forget a lot of things you read on a daily basis. I sometimes find myself wishing I was like a computer and I could Just store anything and everything, except for viruses. We, as human beings, cannot and will not ever be able to remember everything; however we can remember key items, but only with the proper techniques. The key to remembrance is to review more than once, and take breaks in between your study sessions. Also be sure to prioritize what you plan to study and how you plan to conduct your study sessions. Another proven memorization technique is to take notes, which we will discuss next. Proper note taking is probably the hardest of the three steps, due to most people not knowing what to take note of. Many people can take notes great, but some have trouble knowing what to write down, or if the note they Just wrote is even note- worthy. Any form of note-taking that requires compilation of information by categories, rather than in narrative form is best done using index cards. Index cards are a life saver when it comes to taking notes, and the best part is you can use them for Q ; A, highlights, key points, or even paraphrasing. One of the best pieces of advice is that if the note doesn’t sound note-worthy, it’s probably not. Effective study skills can mean the difference between an A and a B. In most cases it can make a world of difference in your school of choice or even your life long career decisions. Many people today think that they had it rough when they went through school, well in my young age, we too have it rough and the only way to stay on top is through self improvement. Just remember the next time you sit down for a study session; concentration is the key, memorization will help you unlock the door, and taking notes will hopefully keep you from forgetting to lock it behind you. Effective Study Skills By hahaitsmine

Great Opportunities From Our Website

Great Opportunities From Our Website Additional Services Why Progressive Delivery is the Best Option for Managing Bigger Orders is accustomed to handling large assignments and we tend to consider these to be any writing project that is 20 pages or more in length. However, where assignments are typed in single-spacing, papers of 10 pages or more can also fall into the category of large assignments since double-spacing can easily inflate a 10+-page paper into a 20+-page one. In any case, these assignments can prove unwieldy and difficult for the customer to manage. This is where progressive delivery can help and it is one of the useful services you get when you choose as your writing partner. Get Your Assignment(s) Delivered in Parts or Sections the Main Benefits:Assignments will be expertly written by a knowledgeable writer while one of our meticulous proofreaders or editors will review it to ensure it is devoid of error. Orders are rendered more manageable getting an order delivered in sections makes it less difficult to monitor and track. Also, it provides the recipient with enough time before they have to hand in their entire paper by the deadline their tutor has set to check each part. For example, adjustments may be needed i.e. if the recipient does not instantly approve the work. A lot more time 30 days instead of 2 days (in the case of standard delivery) for getting papers revised/corrected free-of-charge. Order lifecycle overseen by personal manager who a) facilitates smooth two-way communication between customer/writer and b) ensures order is completed to high standard and to customers satisfaction. How sections/drafts are delivered*:Time to complete order = four days (4 days) or a timeframe not greater than four days: Once the time allowed nears 50% completion, our company sends 25% (Section 1) of the customers assignment to them. (Suppose, therefore, a customer orders an assignment equaling 20 pages from and they have allowed 2 days for us to complete it, then we should send that customer 5 pages of their order by the time 1 day of the agreed time has elapsed). Time to complete order five to eleven days (5 to 11 days): Once the time allowed nears 25% completion, our company sends 25% (Section 1) of the customers assignment to them. When the time allowed nears 50% completion, our company sends 50% (Section 2) of the customers assignment to them. Time to complete order = twelve days (12 days) or a bigger timeframe: ) Once the time allowed nears 25% completion, our company sends 25% (Section 1) of the customers assignment to them. When the time allowed nears 50% completion, our company sends 50% (Section 2) of the customers assignment to them. And, finally, when the time allowed nears 75% completion, our company sends 75% (Section 3) of the customers assignment to them. As is normal practice, adds a small fee to the cost of regular delivery for this service in this case +15%. Remember, you can always contact our friendly agents or your personal writing manager if you find this way of delivering an order does not fit with your expectations i.e. if you have other preferences and/or requirements. On all occasions, our representatives will do everything in their power to find a solution that is satisfactory for our company and our customers. Additional Services Suitable for Orders Less than 20 Pages i.e. Short Orders! Drafts In the event you request a draft from our company, we will be happy to provide this but we can only do so once 50% of the mutually-agreed deadline is expired. Consequently, if we agree a mutually suitable deadline of 2 days, we will provide you with one of the following types of drafts once 1 day has expired: a) a 1-page draft comprised of 600 words if it is required in single line spacing or b) a 1-page draft comprised of 300 words if it is required in double line spacing. Summaries In the event you request a summary from our company, we will gladly provide a 1-page summary that lets you (and, if appropriate, your readers) see the main ideas/points/information from a bigger paper. Summary papers can be particularly helpful in certain circumstances (e.g., someone engaged in a piece of research work with a requirement to report progress or provide periodic updates to a supervisor (or tutor, etc.)). In these situations, summaries are an option that strongly recommends. Extended Revisions While offers (and even guarantees) free revisions to all customers, these are only available for a limited period following order delivery where our standard service applies. At present this timeframe is 48 hours. This free revision period can, however, be extended to 14 days if desired and/or where necessary.

Incarcertion of Pregnant women essays

Incarcertion of Pregnant women essays SHOULD INCARCERTION OF PREGNANT WOMEN BE AVOIDED? The subject of incarceration of pregnant women has been a very controversial issue for years. In this debate, Ken Ayers argues YES. He is well qualified to take this stand because he has presented and published a number of works on this particular issue. He believes that pregnant women who are found guilty of committing crimes should be given special consideration. He explained the fact that there are inadequate medical facilities in prison to cater to the needs of pregnant women. He stresses that while he is not saying that pregnancy should be a major factor to be considered during pregnancy, it is a factor that should be put into consideration. Pregnant women in jail have the dilemma of having to deal with the stress of being pregnant and the stress of being in jail at the same time. Statistics show that women inmates tend to be young, single, uneducated, and incarcerated for drug- alcohol offenses, and other non-violent crimes (pp91). He goes on to state that women who are in jail when they are pregnant are classic high-risk pregnancies (pp91). The reason he gives for this is the fact that inmates usually have had a previous lifestyle that was dangerous to their unborn child. The Health and Medical Care in the prison system is very inadequate and the inmates usually cannot complain even though the Eighth Amendment is on their side. Pregnant women need good and consistent care to make sure that they carry the baby to term and have a smooth delivery. Prenatal Care is also necessary to monitor the babys growth and development. Ayers suggests that incarceration of pregnant women would be an adequate choice if the health care is adequate but he further argues that the child, when born, will suffer a great deal because he or she has not bonded with his or her mother. Laura Moriarty argues NO. She is also a very...

Case Study Summary Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Summary - Case Study Example 3:89-1466-0). The man asked his employees to take into account his claim and made necessary changes, but, as he stated, they had failed to take the steps which had been necessary to resolve the situation. The only way out he was offered is the walls between bunks, but this measure was useless, because there was only one door in the room. The plaintiff asked for a separate room or for a change in schedule that would allow him to stay in one room with a man, not with a woman. The plaintiff complained that the defendants did not want to consider his requirements and failed to resolve the issue as he wanted to have a separate room. The defendants in their turn argued that they offered some resolutions in response, namely the wall installed between the bunks, but the plaintiff denied them and demanded much more. As all the employees should be treated equally and no exceptions should be made, as the same time as the rights of an employee were not violated under the First or Fourteenth Amen dments to the United States Constitution, the Court finds for employers. The second case study is also related to religious beliefs and the violation connected with them. The employee is Jew and, according to the religious rules, Jews should have a rest on some days companies usually work on as religion forbids to work on these days. In connections with this, a woman demanded a personal schedule from her employers that would allow her to miss the days which can’t be working days according to the rules of her religion. Employers agreed and she was provided with a personal schedule, but with less payment due to missing working hours, which were important for the company. Then the employee was terminated and she decided to apply to court saying that her rights were violated, moreover, she was abused because of her nationality and religion. The court came to the conclusion that a woman was not abused at all, because employers tried to meet her demands and provided her

Lost Maples Winery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lost Maples Winery - Essay Example This report focuses on the arriving at the optimum production of the three wines produced by Lost Maples, namely Austin, St. Genevieve and Los Almos. The resources that are available for the coming week have been specified as 2,080 bushels of Variety A grapes, 2,040 bushels of Variety B grapes, 800 pounds of sugar and 1,060 man-hours of labour. It is very essential to ensure that these resources are carefully utilized by Lost Maples in order to attain maximum possible profits. It has been found that the optimum output comprises of 183 cases of Austin, 510 cases of St. Genevieve and no Los Almos wine to be produced. When this optimum amount of specific wine cases are produced by Lost Maples, the maximum contribution that will be attained is $ 18,680. It should also be noted that at this output, there is surplus (slack) of 2068 bushels of Variety A grapes and 617 pounds of sugar. It is evident from the results of the linear programming that there are 617 pounds of sugar left out after the optimum output is reached. The dual price or the shadow price indicates the effect of reducing the sugar available by 1 unit. In this case, reduction in sugar will not affect the maximum contribution, as there is surplus sugar available (Gal, 1986). Hence the sensitivity analysis indicates a shadow price of $0. The complimentary slackness condition indicates that the product of the slack/surplus and the dual price (shadow price) is equal to zero or in other words, either one of the slack or the dual price will be zero (Econ, 2008 and Alaouze, 1996). In this case this condition has been proved as the shadow price value is zero and hence the product is also zero.The allowable decrease in the labour has been computed as 549 man-hours. Hence the lower bound to labour in the ranging (sensitivity) analysis is (1060 – 549) 511 man-hours. When the man-hours falls reaches 510, the production of Austin has to be stopped and all the resources will be used only in the production of 5 10 cases St. Genevieve wine (Higle and Wallace, 2003). This indicates that when the available labour falls to 510 man-hours or below, only St. Genevieve wine has to be produced to attain maximum contribution.