Biography of Euripides, Third of the Great Tragedians

Euripides (480 B.C.–406 B.C.) was an ancient writer of Greek tragedy—the third of the famous trio (with Sophocles and Aeschylus). He wrote about women and mythological themes, like Medea and Helen of Troy. He enhanced the importance of intrigue in tragedy. Some aspects of Euripides tragedies seem more at home in comedy than in tragedy, and, indeed, he is considered to have been a significant influence on the creation of  Greek  New Comedy. This comic development  comes after the lifetime of  Euripides and his contemporary, the most familiar writer of Old Comedy, Aristophanes. Fast Facts: Euripides Known For: Famous Greek playwright and tragedian who created the love-dramaBorn: 480 BCE in ‎Salamis Island, GreeceParents: Mnesarchus (also spelled Mnesarchides), CleitoDied: 406 or 407 BCE in Macedonia or AthensWell-Known Plays: Alcestis (438 BCE), Heracles (416 BCE), The Trojan Women (415 BCE), Bacchae (405 BCE)Awards and Honors: First prize, Athenian dramatic festival, 441 BCE, 305 BCESpouses: Melite, ChoerineChildren: Mnesarchides, Mnesilochus, EuripidesNotable Quote: There are three classes of citizens. The first are the rich, who are indolent and yet always crave more. The second are the poor, who have nothing, are full of envy, hate the rich, and are easily led by demagogues. Between the two extremes lie those who make the state secure and uphold the laws. Early Life and Career A contemporary of the second of the tragedy  trio,  Sophocles, Euripides was born around 480 BCE to his parents Mnesarchus or Mnesarchides (a merchant from the Athenian deme of Phlya) and Cleito. It is believed he might have been born on Salamis or Phlya, although that may be a coincidence of the inventive methods used to date his birth. Euripides first competition might have been in 455. He came in third. His initial first prize came in 441, but out of about 92 plays, Euripides won only four  more first prizes—the last, posthumously. Intrigue and Comedy Where Aeschylus and Sophocles emphasized plot, Euripides added intrigue. Intrigue is complicated in Greek tragedy by the constant presence of the all-knowing chorus. Euripides also created the love-drama. New Comedy, a type of Greek  drama  that lasted from about 320  BCE  to the mid-third century  BCE  that offers a mildly satiric view of contemporary Athenian society, later took over the more effective parts of Euripides technique. In a modern performance of Euripides tragedy, Helen, the director explained it was essential for the audience to see immediately that its a comedy. Key Plays Another Euripidean tragedy that portrays women and Greek mythology, and seems to bridge the genres of tragedy, is a satyr play and comedy called Alcestis. In the play, a buffoonish Hercules (Heracles) comes to the house of his friend Admetus. The latter is mourning the death of his wife Alcestis, who has sacrificed her life for him but wont tell Hercules who has died. Hercules overindulges, as usual. While his polite host wont say who died, the appalled household staff will. To make amends for partying at a house in mourning, Hercules goes to the Underworld to rescue Alcestis. Tragedies that Euripides had written shortly before death that had never been performed at Athens City Dionysia were found and entered into the Dionysia, a large festival in ancient Athens, in 305 BCE. Euripides plays won first prize. They included The Bacchae, a tragedy that informs our vision of Dionysus. Unlike in Euripides play Medea, no deus ex machina comes in to save the child-killing mother. Instead, she goes into voluntary exile. It is a thought-provoking, grizzly play, but in the running for Euripides most excellent tragedy. Death Euripides may have died in Athens. Ancient writers from the third century BCE (starting with a poem by Hermesianax [Scullion]) claim Euripides died in 407/406, not in Athens, but in Macedonia, at the court of King Archelaus. Euripides would have been in Macedonia either in self-imposed exile or at the kings invitation. Gilbert Murray thinks the Macedonian despot Archelaus invited Euripides to Macedonia more than once. He had already corralled Agathon, the tragic poet, Timotheus, a musician, Zeuxis, a painter, and possibly, Thucydides, the historian. Legacy Despite winning only limited acclaim during his lifetime, Euripides was the most popular of the three great tragedians for generations after his death. Even during his lifetime, Euripides plays won some acclaim. For example, after the ill-fated Sicilian expedition, where Athens ventured into the Italian island in 427 BCE with disastrous results, those Athenians who could recite Euripides were reportedly saved from slave-labor in the mines. An indication of the resilience of his work is the fact that 18 or 19 of Euripides plays have survived to this day, centuries after he wrote them, and more than the plays of either Aeschylus  and  Sophocles. Sources â€Å"Ancient Greek Dramatic Festivals.†Ã‚  The Randolph College Greek Play.Ancient Greece-Euripides-Alcestis. Classical Literature.â€Å"Euripides Biography.†Ã‚  Encyclopedia of World BiographyKawalko Roselli, David. Vegetable-Hawking Mom and Fortunate Son: Euripides, Tragic Style, and Reception. Phoenix Vol. 59, No. 1/2 (Spring-Summer, 2005), pp. 1-49.Murray, Gilbert. Euripides and His Age. 1913.â€Å"New Comedy.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica.Scullion, S. â€Å"Euripides and Macedon, or the Silence of the Frogs.†Ã‚  The Classical Quarterly, vol. 53, no. 2, 2003, pp. 389–400.

Why Are People Gay - 967 Words

Not just a century ago, there was an act that was considered heresy; homosexuality, a different side of sexuality found in all recesses of history. Humans are not the only ones with evidence of homosexuality in their species, it has long been debated whether it was formed from being genetically born that way or nurtured. The long found history has been only puzzling as the two sides of the spectrum in views, and only being publicly accepted in the 1940s. In Natasha Tracy’s article â€Å"Why Are People Gay? Gay By Choice or Is Being Gay Genetic?† where she goes on to discuss the legitimacy of its authenticity in being a homosexual. From the views of being born or in fact the way humans are brought up determines their sexuality, criticizing in the end the matter of sexuality is a matter to the individual and should not be criticized in any way. Back before homosexuality was considered a sexuality, there were beliefs that being one was a sin. Until the nineteenth and twentieth century, it was then changed to a mental illness and put into the American Psychology Association (APA). Many individual underwent extensive forms of treatment in order to be considered â€Å"cured†, this was called reparative or conversion therapy, when often not the treatment was unsuccessful only resulting in feelings of shame and guilt toward their own sexual cognitions. Having electrodes strapped usually to the hands or genitalia or vomit inducing drugs pumped into their systems while slides of theShow MoreRelated gay people Essay1223 Words   |  5 PagesHomosexual people should have the right and the freedom like what straight people have in this world. I think this topic is very controversial because in the U.S. Most homosexual people especially males, get discriminated because of what they feel: having attractiveness to their same sex. 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Multidimensional Perspective In Learning Styles Education Essay Free Essays

string(186) " attack to instruction with an purpose to advance personal development through self-fulfillment, self-motivation and self-enhancement taking to self development \( Leadbeater, 2004 \) \." Introduction Personalisation in instruction has been discussed in fact-finding and policy documents for about a decennary. This construct of acquisition was used foremost in the United States and was subsequently extended and advanced in the United Kingdom as it became entrenched in a wider position for the reform of public services ( Hartley, 2007, Johnson, 2004 ) . UK Government introduced ‘customised individualized services ‘ in 1997 for making services that responded to the varied demands of persons more straight alternatively of offering one standardized solutions for all. We will write a custom essay sample on Multidimensional Perspective In Learning Styles Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Later the rule of individualized service came into consequence in the instruction sector and implemented at the secondary degree ( Judy Sebba, 2007, Skills, 2006 ) . Personalized Learning may be considered as an merger of teaching method, course of study and larning support to run into the demands of single scholars confronting the challenges of twenty-first century. It is frequently designed utilizing a figure of scope of theories, doctrines of instruction and acquisition to supply pupils with opportunities to be able to entree information and expertness, to lend thoughts and sentiments, and to match with other scholars and wise mans ( Hartley, 2007, Campbell et al. , 2007 ) . This method may utilize some net-based plans as Virtual Learning Environments ( VLEs ) or Learning Management Systems ( LMSes ) , treatment forums or chat communities ; and could be devised as a â€Å" blended † attack, where contents will be available remotely every bit good as straight through ICT and schoolroom and talks ( Robinson and Sebba, 2009 ) . Definitions of personalizing instruction have evolved over clip and have bit by bit emerged at both national and planetary degrees. Personalizing instruction is progressively going a cardinal driver of instruction reform and has the undermentioned common subjects ( Hartley, 2007 ) : aˆ? Learners are placed at the Centre aˆ? ICT plays a really of import function and is a cardinal enabler aˆ? It is a womb-to-tomb acquisition attack aˆ? It works through community based coaction I will discourse this newer but now ubiquitous theoretical account of supplying instruction in UK utilizing the four key points through critical literature reappraisal and compare this with other similar systems operated in New Zealand. The aim of this assignment is to pull a decision sing the strengths, failings every bit good as the public-service corporation of this construct in national and planetary position. Literature reappraisal An overview of personalisation in instruction Personalizing instruction has the undermentioned common subjects ( Hall and Moseley, 2005, Clarke, 2003, Hargreaves, 2005, Hartley, 2007, Johnson, 2004, Robinson and Sebba, 2009 ) . Learners are cardinal Personalised instruction incorporates a highly-structured attack to prosecute scholars to inform and authorise assessed through meaningful undertakings for the improved results for all and a committedness to cut down the spread among accomplishments ( Miliband, 2003 ) . Information and communications engineering ( ICT ) ICT enables each student with greater recreation and enhances interaction for supplying a infinite for personalised, flexible larning beyond any bound, i.e. unrecorded locally whereas learn globally ( Robinson and Sebba, 2009 ) . Lifelong acquisition Personalizing instruction is committed to lifelong acquisition and to the proviso of flexible acquisition environments and a figure of tracts for instruction to run into the demands of all scholars ( Hartley, 2007 ) . Communities of coaction Embracing the construct of personalizing instruction through schools will advance a ‘community of larning ‘ attack and develop the perceptual experience of webs holding strong familiarities with the place, community, local establishments, concern and services. Johnson had presented advanced narrations of this construct to the National College for School Leadership: ‘personalised larning ‘ : an instruction system where appraisal, course of study, learning manner, and out of hours proviso are all designed to detect and foster the alone endowments of every individual pupilaˆÂ ¦ aˆÂ ¦the most effectual instruction depends on truly cognizing the demands, strengths and failings of single pupilsaˆÂ ¦ ( Johnson, 2004 ) In 2003, David Miliband determined the definition to unambiguously admit the demand for intercession between instructors and pupils ( Miliband, 2006 ) : Personalised larning involves work in categories and groups and does non connote pupils larning on their ain. The nucleus of individualized acquisition is to guarantee that each pupil ‘s demands are assessed, endowments spotted and nurtured, involvements spurred, trouble to acquisition is removed and their possible fulfilled ( Beach and Dovemark, 2009 ) . The instruction, course of study and category administration of schools should be designed in such a manner that as many students as possible can be reached for every bit much of the clip as possible ( Stillwaggon, 2008 ) . A Working Group on instruction reform was established in 2003 to analyse ways of invention in educational offerings and recommended a figure of educational reform including the debut of ‘core larning ‘ and ‘main larning ‘ ; alterations to assessment schemes, betterment in vocational plans ; superior acknowledgment of makings, and making chances for scholars. The Tomlinson reappraisal has proposed the incorporation of sheepskins so that leaners from all subdivisions of the society can acquire an chance to detect and bask the usage of their abilities and endowments to the highest degree possible, in add-on to geting the basic capablenesss needed to win in big life ( Reform, 2004 ) . The UK Government decided in 2004 in the â€Å" Five twelvemonth scheme for kids and scholars † that it would connote reforms for significant betterments in every phase of instruction and kids ‘s services from the early old ages of a kid ‘s life to lifelong acquisition and grownup accomplishments ( Miliband, 2006 ) . Many faculty members and research workers later put visible radiation on this docket through their research and findings. For illustration, in 2004 Tom Bentley and Riel Miller presented personalisation in instruction as an germinating thought of client service applied in the educational sector. They have made it apparent that individualized acquisition is possible when a individual can place his demands and the service providers are capable of acknowledging and at the same clip reacting in the most appropriate manner to provide for the specific demand of that individual ( Bentley and Miller, 2006 ) . Charles Leadbeater discussed a method that was steady with a more brooding and engaged attack to instruction with an purpose to advance personal development through self-fulfillment, self-motivation and self-enhancement taking to self development ( Leadbeater, 2004 ) . You read "Multidimensional Perspective In Learning Styles Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" In personalized acquisition context, the scholar should be considered as an active, responsible, self-motivated and a co-designer of the scheme that determines how instruction should be delivered ( Hartley, 2009, La Marca, 2007 ) . Resources can be shared between schools through formation of webs and federations and each member school can be used as a gateway to the shared resources. Further, Johnson in 2004, made the undermentioned comments that highlights some of the complications between the involvement of the person in individualized acquisition and the demands to foster a shared sense of community while negociating the nature of that community. â€Å" As this thought is more of import as a political†¦ .than an educational program†¦ . †¦ .one which offers at best a partial apprehension of the intents of mass instruction in modern society and which speaks to a radically neo-liberal docket † ( Johnson, 2004 ) . In 2005 UK authorities published a white paper on school criterions. This paper acknowledged individualized acquisition as a manner of instruction which is practiced and should be adopted where appropriate. The study stated that – â€Å" Personalisation is non new. The best schools of UK should supply a trim instruction which combines: a?’ based on the demand of the scholar, excess little group or one-to-one tuition a?’ All kids will acquire chances to acquire extra support and tuition in countries they are interested a?’ exciting whole-class instruction a?’ grouping of pupils of similar ability and attainment degree to assist coordinated acquisition a?’ a flexible and rich course of study which can be easy accessed by every type of student and allows older people to blend academic and vocational acquisition a?’ extended usage of information engineering in the schoolroom every bit good as at place † . Maslow needs theory and its relation with personalized acquisition system Abraham Maslow in his ‘Hierarchy of Human Needs ‘ proposed that all people have a set of basic demands: physiological, safety, belonging and esteem demands, and he constructed a hierarchy which suggested that ‘D necessitate ‘ ( lack demands ) must be met to able one to develop into their possible and realize the ego ( Sirgy, 1986, Rowan, 1999 ) . Self-actualization and transcendency can be addressed one time the four lack demands have been met and so one makes the most of one ‘s abilities. At this phase one can work towards carry throughing one ‘s possible and going the best of one ‘s capableness. Figure 1: Maslow Hierarchy of Needs ( Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cbc.ca/radio2/programs/maslow.png ) In conformity with it, UK Department for Education and Skills ( DfES ) in 2006 proposed five constituents of individualized acquisition, as shown in Figure 2. Figure 2: The five constituents of individualized acquisition ( Image beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //nationalstrategies.standards.dcsf.gov.uk/node/83151 ) The inner nucleus in this figure focuses on conventional acquisition patterns, but personalizing the school experience has the key for the successful execution ( Clarke, 2003, Allen, 2002 ) . The five constituents are: Appraisal for Learning Effective instruction and acquisition Curriculum entitlement and pick Organizing the school Beyond the schoolroom This is in line with the Maslow ‘s theory. Interestingly, there is a important relationship between Maslow ‘s theory of demands and the New Zealand Curriculum ‘s construct of Hauora – or wellbeing. In this theoretical account, the construct of well-being encompasses the physical, mental and emotional, societal, and religious dimensions of wellness. So we can compare these systems present in two states ( Crooks, 2002 ) . Comparison of the Individualized Learning vision, UK A ; NZ Although both UK and New Zealand portion some common vision towards personalized larning but there are important differences in the attacks to accomplish them. The comparing of the individualized learning vision of the two states are summarized below – Personalizing Learning UK Department for Children, Schools A ; Families Personalizing Learning NZ Ministry of Education Effective instruction A ; acquisition: Emphasis to develop the competency and assurance of every scholar and a focal point on instructors ‘ scope of learning accomplishments Effective instruction: Supplying professional development for instructors to elate their accomplishments and design programmes to run into the diverse demands of pupils Appraisal for Learning ( AfL ) : It implies the utilizations of grounds and feedback to observe the position of students, what they require to make furhter and how best to acquire accomplish this. Appraisal for Learning: Having an in-depth cognition of the strengths and failings of every pupil. A flexible course of study: Learning-focused ( instead than content-focused ) to advance ‘real ‘ acquisition state of affairss and fiting the purposes of the National Curriculum to the countries of their acquisition profile. Course of study: Teachers are given with more chances to use their professional cognition and sets to the way of learning in schools. Beyond the schoolroom: Constructing partnerships beyond the school is the key for both back uping acquisition in the schoolroom and heightening pupil wellbeing. Strong and occupied communities: Strong partnerships between place and early childhood services and schools for informing parents who need to be involved in their kid ‘s acquisition. Organizing the school: School leaders and instructors maintain high quality instruction and acquisition A ; guarantee that pupil public presentation and student public assistance Professional leading: Professional leaders of early childhood services and schools provide leading of acquisition, making the conditions for personalizing acquisition. Highly supportive system: The function of authorities and cardinal bureaus is non to run schools but to assist them construct the capacity to run into the demands of their pupils. Discussion The implicit in grounds for which we have to travel a long manner to implement true personalized instruction system are multifaceted and the instruction reforms are needed to successfully implement personalized instruction system in UK or any other developed state. Here I want to concentrate on few cardinal points – Resource Gap: Lack of resources may be the main ground why personalisation has non advanced farther ( Beach and Dovemark, 2009 ) . Education sector are authoritative maximization demands ; one can ever happen demands that have non been met and one can ever reason for extra resources. Hence resources apportioning governments must ever be inactive on its watchfulness over the educational sector and maintain a steadfast restraint on costs, lest it grows beyond all bounds. Institutionalised conservativism may be considered as an every bit of import ground for the disagreement between theory and pattern for the educational system ( Campbell et al. , 2007, Fielding, 2006 ) . The operators of the system ( instructors ) are older than those who are utilizing the system ( pupils ) make it vastly hard to avoid conservativism. Procedure related nostalgia to maintain the educational system from reforming contributes as a 3rd factor. The impression that the younger coevals must travel through a clip tried procedure like the old coevalss are making opposition from different subdivisions of the society every clip the educational system is aimed to reform ( Tharinger et al. , 1996 ) . The inactiveness inbuilt in the present educational system is a critical ground for slow reform. But one should non overrate the impacts of reforming the educational system on society. The frequence of alteration in modern-day society ( added up with womb-to-tomb larning construct ) develops the impression that the position quo in educational system has no monopoly on leaving accomplishments and cognition, but it is still it has the function of the foundation for the womb-to-tomb acquisition. On the contrary it can be said that the impression of womb-to-tomb larning as such what is proposed in a personalisation of larning ( Beach and Dovemark, 2009 ) . The huge scope of larning being conducted after the completion of formalistic instruction in existent life does non normally taught in formal instruction scenes instead the capable affair and topographic points are frequently chosen by the scholar. Future deductions of Individualized Learning The educational system is of all time altering from the really being. One attend to larning for future addition instead than immediate fulfilment. ‘Non scholae, sed vitae discimus ‘ . Since the hereafter does non be, so one has to pull a logical decision or may be a qualified, witting conjecture. The thoughts are applicable with even greater accent to determine up the educational system, because it is so much futuristic. The elements may hold a greater consequence chiefly on the attitude to people, motive, the demands of society, and the technological possibilities. Personalised acquisition and people Conformity has a long history. In the present scenario the society is based on experience. That made experienced one ‘smarter ‘ than immature one, because it takes clip to garner experience. Hence the seniors ( the instructors ) had authorization. The hereafter should be the mutualism among the stack holders of the system. Personalised acquisition and motive Educational system should recognize that the ways for motive have changed. The indispensable qualities of a modern educational system are supposed to leave to pupils without any signifier of menaces instead at a reciprocated respectful manner. Personalised acquisition and society The precedences of society will be decided by the development of a cognition society – a society that will turn from both optimistic and pessimistic causes. The Knowledge Society is the result of the amount of our collected cognition continues to turn at an exceeding rate. Our hereafter chance lies upon the cognition based society through the execution of individualized acquisition ( Wallace, 2008 ) . Personalised acquisition and engineering The turning significance of the attitude-shaping map is another paradigm of the insatiability of the educational sector. A more individualized educational system needs the invention of ICT for efficiency additions and traveling towards right way ( Haldane and Wallace, 2009 ) . The engineering ( Information engineering ) through the usage of synergistic systems, contribute to increased end product in the instruction sector and thereby do executable for more individualized instructions ( Robinson and Sebba, 2009 ) . Decision The term ‘Zeitgeist ‘ and the educational system already have seen a considerable dissension. We have supported individuality which elevates the exclusivity of each individual and therefore a greater control over one ‘s ain life is promoted for each person. But on the contrary, we have an educational system that still to a considerable extent has a fixed content and fixed timing. As it is implausible to return to a superseded position, it is seemed clear that is the educational system will hold to accommodate with individualized acquisition. The growing towards a more individualized instruction will be held back by the inquiries about the insatiability of the educational system. It therefore seems unbelievable that a more individualized instruction is possible without at the same time retrieving the efficiency of the educational system. Since this will affect some investings, a high economic growing will give assurance a more individualized instruction. A more individualized instruction is non without its restrictions. It becomes more complicated to measure the single pupil ‘s additions from his personally designed manners of surveies. When individualized construct in instruction sprouts, at the same clip, concerns develops that a more irregular instruction system may sabotage coherence among the stakeholders of the society. The system which eases the pupils ‘ tract through acquisition in a meaningful manner will hence be much less dissentious than one that besides personalises the substances that is to be learnt. But this must be implemented through an thorough scrutiny of the preexistent conditions within the educational sector that shows the significant advancement already has been made sing timing. The cardinal challenge to educational systems in modern-day societies is that the remainder of society, particularly the labour market, will necessitate that the system produces more and better skilled people. The go oning enlargement within the planetary division of labor agencies that the states must go on to nurture the Knowledge Society if they wish to maintain up and augment their current criterion of life. No 1 can oblige the devising of more and better qualified people, market has to carry them. And a more individualized instruction will be smarter than the bing, more inflexible, educational systems. As individualized acquisition is still in its developing phases there is a small indicant of the overall success it may finally leave. However, there is important grounds that many of the mechanisms of individualized acquisition attacks have been successful in a figure of contexts around the universe. How to cite Multidimensional Perspective In Learning Styles Education Essay, Essay examples

Business Proposition of Developing the Potential IoT Applications

Question: Discuss about the Business Proposition of Developing the Potential IoT Applications. Answer: Introduction: IoT stands for Internet of Thing and this report is an attempt to map the IoT capabilities to solve extensive business problems by making the decision makers empowered by providing some insightful business data point. In this report the possible IoT application strategy roadmap is designed for the company(Ovidiu Vermasen, 2012). The areas are deciphered by analyzing the success stories in the current scenarios and hence possible industries have been finalized. The expansion strategy must be agile as the industry is changing quickly and hence upgrades to solution will also be needed to be done quickly. Theory of IoT: Internet of Thing is a concept in which the data extraction mode is made live and hence data point sources are the things around us. The capabilities of analytics has been enhanced by inclusion of Clod Computing and high level analytics is not possible at a real time basis. What is important point here is that some very critical business decisions are not taken without substantial backing of data and that is where IoT as a concept is important and appreciated(Evans, 2010). Example, when a company is not sure amount the status of their logistics capabilities, the impact of IoT, where the sensors are talking with the system to provide the current state as is of the system is very important for the company to push the things in the progressive direction. Also, enhancing the capabilities in almost every sector is possible, where there are tons of things and all carrying important data, like the concept of Beacons, where they can detect the Bluetooth around a store and send important upd ates on the mobile directly. All these are very strategically places concepts, which help the companies and the management to be more reliant on the actual data analysis and not just speculations or hypothesis. IoT by nature is an amalgamation of three elements, which are Things which are empowered by sensor devices to collect the data, Data which is collected from those Sensors through some sensor reading devices and lastly, the Computing Analytics which is the art of reading that data, turning into a manageable and sorted form and then taking out the business insights from there(GSMA, 2014). This is the end to end analysis of IoT and it is the need of the hour, when it comes to making an informed and better business critical decisions in the business environment. The situation that business faces, demands a through and insightful analysis of data and logic and that is provided by IoT capabilities. Today it has penetrated in almost every sphere and still a lot to conquer and analyze. The biggest success stories that are relevant for the business environment are discussed in the next section. These are few of the cases, which have shown the capabilities that are available for the business to redefine their horizon of processes and through that they have gained substantial insights and results. Success Stories: Kraft Foods Cooler Mapping Smart Retail: Kraft is always a very tech savvy company and they have unleashed the potential of Smart retail concept in which they are able to tap the inventory requirement till the end of the customer contact point and are able to forecast precisely how much is the availability needed at the retail store and how much is the current inventory status at the retail stores. The coolers and the refrigerator where the chocolates and other stuffs are kept are mapped to a centralized repository tool at the central warehouse through sensors, which are capable to see the inventory levels of the chocolate and other items(Hammond, 2013). Through this the Central Warehouse of Kraft Foods has a fair idea about how much is the amount they need to keep in the repository to ensure that there is no stock out situation at all. The issues that were resolved by this innovation were the lean inventory operations which they were able to manage with lesser resources and made the system more proactive and predictive. This helped the Kraft Foods to attain a minimum inventory level and still serve the customers in the better manner. Secondly they were able to improve their CFR that is the Case Fill Rate in which they were to face a bare minimum Stock Out situation and hence the relationships with their retailers and warehouses also improved(Hayes, 2015). The customer order decoupling point was closest to the customers by this innovation and a total benefit of Multi Million Dollars was achieved by Kraft. They also experienced a rise in customer retention and that was because their product was available on the shelf in the needed quality and quantity all the time. Apart from inventory the coolers were also able to tap the aging, temperature and other important aspects of the items that are critical for the business in relation to the quality of the products. This was a first of its kind of innovation that has the potential of easily bringing systematic retailing in operation. They had clear visibility of everything and that also helped the operations people to make the production related choices with enough confidence and the sales people to make a better prediction of the forecasting and hence maintain a cordial environment in the overall market, critical for CPG companies(Gregory, 2014). Appendix 1 shows the capabilities that are offered by the Smart Retails in the real retail environment. Connected Cars: Until now the entire capability of the cars super computing system was linked towards enhancing the internal working and capabilities of the car. With the advent of the Connected Car concept, for the first time, the huge capability is brought to the outside world and hence some computing is done in order to enhance the outside view of the car(Kramer, 2012). The system is more focused towards car with internet access and how it can be connected to other cars around and hence some thorough analysis can be done based on the available data while the car is running around. There can be loads of data points and systems that may be connected with the connected cars and hence the capabilities may be unleashed. Suppose the way towards a destination may be shared by another car which is going in the same direction and in this way a person in being empowered that he need not be depended on himself and his gadgets only all the time(PWC, 2015). The same concept when extended is laying the pavement for the concept of driver less cars, in which the external sensors and indicators are good enough to ensure that the cars moves in the forward direction. The enhanced capabilities that are in coming in the concept of Connected Cars is the beacons and the Bluetooth. Through these the communications are further enhanced and developed and the data sharing is happening at such advanced level that was absolutely unimaginable about a decade back. Again such capabilities are possible only if the cloud computing backing is able to crunch the data and hence able to provide some strategic insights based on the advance analytics that can be run on the data(McKinsey, 2014). The data crunching is the future of the analysis and all the companies are moving from being opinion driven to bring data driven. The last analysis that is gaining a lot of traction for connect cars in the concept of Parking help. In which the parking assistance can be given to the driver based on the information given by the external environment and hence that will help in space optimization and ensure that there are lesser accidents on the roads and on the parking lots. These are few of enhanced capabilities gained out of the connected car concept and hence an important case study meant for analysis. Appendix 2 shows the capabilities of a connected car. Potent Scope of Expansion: Manufacturing Industry: Manufacturing industry is a heavy asset intensive industry that has been doing the business in the traditional format for ages. They have always followed the opinion based Strategy and operation systems to adhere to in case of regular working. The data driven decision is not in the DNA of the system and they are not typically known to be using the enhanced system analytics and cloud computing capabilities(IDC, 2015). This is the gap that the consulting and technology companies must identify and hence it will ensure that a solid expansion strategy is made in place. From selling perspective it is to be kept in mind that in the manufacturing set up the major cost is taken away by the maintenance department and that is usually not the focused action item for any of the department and this is where the selling proposition will make most sense. As per the reports, out of the total operating cost of a manufacturing installation, roughly 55% goes into mismanaged maintenance activities and hence it involves a whole lot of bucks and in some bigger CPG companies it goes till multimillion dollar levels. Hence, if the IoT solution in the space of maintenance management in the Manufacturing Industry is offered in the market and the kind of capabilities it can showcase in the market, it is bound to an instant hit. There are many companies which are ready to shell out good amount of one time money to get away from the recurring maintenance costs. Appendix 3 shows the maintenance expenditure overheads faced by the companies, so a good solution around this area is always welcomed by the market as it is solving a real time need. If a system is able to talk with the assets and plan their maintenance in a cost effective manner then it is a direct saving opportunity for the company and hence it is something that is worth to be given to the industry and it is surely going to stay there for a good coming two decades(Sebastian, 2010). This is the first of the kind of offering in the market that will elevate the level of manufacturing capabilities. Health Care: Health care is the second most potent industry where the scope of IoT level expansion can be seen and that will surely going to give a heads up for a new analytics based health monitoring almost at a real time basis. It will reduce the dependency of doctor being closer to the patient and hence people who are unable to be come to good doctors can be served well. Apart from the medical needs, the regular health needs in which there is a need to monitor tons of action points related to the human body can also be analyzed. Appendix 4 shows the scope of IoT in health care in which a person can continue to do the regular course of the day and the regular data that is collected in from there and hence a thoroughly analyzed results are produced at the end of the day. It is to be noted here that health care of most of the countries lies in total mess and in order to ensure that it gets into some ordered form, the data backup and data collection is the most important thing that will ensure that thing to happen. The data points are available throughout the body and the sensor reader may be a simple device like a smart phone. This can enhance the capabilities and ensure that accurate body related data is available to the person all the time. The amalgamation of sensors like those which can check the body concentration just by the sweat of a person can be used and in that way the person is always updated with the latest information about the body. The same information with extended IoT capabilities can also be shared with the doctors and based on that the doctor can also recommend some immediate solution to the person. In this manner the end to end capabilities related to health care can be mapped and hence it is established that all the data is neede d to be first collected and then analyzed to give some thorough results(Niewolny, 2013). Keep in mind that important highlights are needed is that money will be flowing in the system for health care update soon and it is the right time to invest in health care related IoT solutions that will ensure that the company will remain the part of the wave necessary for generating money. Advantages and Disadvantages of IoT Applications: Advantages: There are a lot applications that are possible in the IoT applications that the connected devices can give. The concept of Smart cities and Smart Retail is only possible due to these connected devices. Consider the case of Connected Cars, the following advantages may be accesses and similar kind of advantages may be extended for various other applications. As an extended example it can be shown here is that, if the driver of the car has some capability that can offer help in case of an emergency then the same is easier to share in case of connected car. The information is readily being emitted by the system of the cars and the other car users can read the data and hence in case of any help the same information may be extended to the needy. This is mainly helpful in case of doctors or an army person driving any car and hence this information will be very helpful and handy for other users. From traffic management point of view as well, connected car is an important concept, as various reader installed at traffic lights etc. will be capable to read the information about the car and that will carry many important information like speed of the car, most used ways, most type of cars that are on the road and the system can be extended to the level that even the pollution level contribution can also be assessed and mapped. This way it is much easier to control the traffic and hence the concerned department will have substantial data points to actually take some very important decisions at a solid foundation level and not just an opinion to keep. Disadvantages: Loss of privacy is the major concern of the people and that is something is the major deterring point related to IoT. People in the majority of the cases, will not be comfortable in sharing of data. Compatibility is the second major drawback of the IoT devices that is leading to the concern of data collection and churning. It is also a very complex system to implement and maintain and mainly because all the devices are mobile and hence the maintenance cost is also high. The people knowing the capabilities in and out are very less right now and hence it is equally very difficult to train the required resources in the right capability. Considerations: Legal: This is a major concern when it comes to dealing with data that the legal obligation for keeping the data safe and clean lies with the process and system owners and hence it is required to be processed properly and there is a lot of legal liabilities linked with the data. Ethical: The data carries some really personal information about the person and hence the ethical liability that lies here is that the data should be shared inappropriately and hence the management needs to be purely ethical and data must be kept safely. Conclusion: In the end it is to be mentioned that post the analysis of two most important and critical case studies related to IoT, it can be seen that data is going to be the future of all the organization and the IoT is the gap between the things and the internet. With the availability of world class sensors and equally good sensor readers, it is seen that gathering the data is not an issue. When it comes to storage of data, the cloud competencies and capabilities have made it really easy to save the data and also some immediate high end analytics can be run on it. This analytics is basically the system that will show the true worth and importance of data. As such data in raw form is less than useless. It has to be converted into some readable and understandable form and then the cloud computing analytics can be performed on it and hence it further gives the results that are necessary for generating the desired outcomes. These outcomes are strong data results that will help the companies to ta ke some immediate and impactful decisions. In this manner it is needed that potent industries must be recognized and post that an equally strong solution is given in the market that will help the industries realize that the solution is there to solve their as is problem and in that way there is a better chance of forming a relationship. Always be ensured that the final outcome is dependent only on the number of buyers ready to take the solution and hence there should be enough number of buyers in the market who are ready to invest and in good proportion. This way it is made empirical that final solution is there for the taking and will be a good offering. Future Scope of Expansion Recommendations: The future scope can be within the scope of the solution or by widening the scope as well. Like in case of manufacturing industry the current focus is on the maintenance department. The further scope can be extended to other departments as well and that will enrich the offering even further and to a level that it will become a habit of the industry to maintain a dependency on the IoT capabilities that will run the show in making the entire set up to be data driven and there is no place for opinion whatsoever. This is a very critical mode of enhancing the service offerings in other sections of industries like Retail, Banking and Utilities. These are the banks of data and the analysis drawn from these industries is also of supreme nature that will ensure that good and through insights are given to the companies to make them more data dependent and empowered. The idea is that it should turn into the psychology of the company to only depend on IoT capabilities when there is a need to drive any decision or thoughts. This way it is established that companies are more enriched and empowered and in this manner they are better and more controlled. References: Evans, D. (2010). The Internet of Things How the Next Evolution of the Internet Is Changing Everything. Budapest: Cisco. Gregory, J. (2014). The Internet of Things: Revolutionizing the Retail Industry. New York: Accenture Strategy. GSMA. (2014). Understanding the Internet of Things (IoT) . New York: Connected Living. Hammond, R. (2013). Smart Retail. Boston: PTG Media Publications. Hayes, M. (2015). Smart Retail in Taiwan. Houston: Institute of Information Industry. IDC. (2015). Transforming Manufacturing w ith the Internet of Things. Louvre: IDC Marketing Insights. Kramer, C. (2012). Exploring the Connected Car. London: Cognizant Consulting. McKinsey. (2014). Connected car, automotive value chain unbound. Manchaster: McKinsey. Niewolny, D. (2013). How the Internet of Things Is Revolutionizing Healthcare. London: NXP Publications. Ovidiu Vermasen, P. F. (2012). Internet of things - Converging technolgies for smart environement and integrated ecosystem. Amsterdam: River Publishers. PWC. (2015). Connected Car Study 2015. Beijing: Strategy . Sebastian, T. (2010). Designing for Manufacturings Internet of Things. Canberra: Cognizant Consulting.

Immigration Specificity of ELLs in Canada and the USA

The issues of immigration affect the linguistic policies of the most popular destinations of newcomers, the US and Canada. The article of Fairbairn and Fox (2009) explores a great number of implications for the state agencies responsible for the formation of education curricula, assessment tools, and formulation of standards according to which the outcomes of learning are assessed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Immigration Specificity of ELLs in Canada and the USA specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main focus of the article is drawn upon the specificity of ELLs (English language learners) both in Canada and the USA. The authors state that there are a number of challenges for both countries in educational terms, though they have completely different approaches to facing educational challenges (Fairbairn Fox, 2009). There is much valuable information for considering the challenges ELLs face within the framewor k of the state educational policies and assessment techniques applied both in Canada and the USA. The state policies foster the homogeneous, standardized approach to testing and measuring outcomes of studies, while the ELLs are a highly dynamic and heterogeneous group of learners. The immigrants come from various backgrounds, and their socio-cultural specificity is always the decisive factor in the field of retaining academic information. Hence, Fairbairn and Fox (2009) indicate that the main consequences of the unified approach and ignoring the uniqueness of numerous ELL groups in the Canadian and American schools include: ELLs’ underperformance, high levels of drop-outs, little chance to retain good statistics of learning progress for schools with a high percentage of ELLs, the misleading effect of test outcomes, as well as the individual ones such as the low levels of self-esteem of ELLs who fall behind the mainstream category of students. The reality is adequately reflect ed in the article of Fairbairn and Fox (2009): while much attention is paid to the student achievement, the tests absolutely not appropriated for measuring the academic knowledge and skills of ELLs. There are two sets of activities that should be undertaken on the state and provincial level to increase the ability of states to meet the heterogeneity of ELLs’ needs. They are designed for test developers and decision-makers, and focus on the specific areas of their responsibilities and powers that can be enacted to improve the situation with testing standards for ELLs. As for the implications for test developers, one has to pay attention to such recommendations as including graphic/visual support, adjusting the test development process to include practical experience of teachers in the classroom regarding the needs of ELLs, and using plain language for testing design (Fairbairn Fox, 2009). Until the centrality of a test taker is recognized, no stakeholder in the educational pr ocess will be able to make the educational process compliant with the testing outcomes.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is clear that tests are detached from the everyday reality in the classroom, which is easy for native speakers to cope with because of the sufficient volume of background knowledge in English, but which can become a real challenge for ELLs reducing their testing scores. Continuation of research and development of appropriate test support also appear essential on the way to successful inclusion of ELLs in the Canadian and American educational context. As for decision-makers in Canada and the USA, one should note the necessity to recognize texture within ELL population (as the only way to enhance the categorization thereof), and to write clear and appropriate ELL assessment policies (Fairbairn Fox, 2009). Recognition of ELL uniqueness is the first step for th e appropriate legal action towards the policy of inclusion. Further on, the inclusion of ELL-specific requirements in requests for proposals should be implemented throughout the testing process, since the expertise of teachers working with ELLs must be put to the fore in the policy formation regarding this issue (Fairbairn Fox, 2009). Appropriate assignment of accommodations, proper scoring and interpretation of results for ELL testing are an urgent necessity to ensure the provision of adequate attention to the educational needs of ELLs and their further progress in English language learning outcomes. This essay on Immigration Specificity of ELLs in Canada and the USA was written and submitted by user Howard Saint to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Odysseus- The Man Skilled in All Ways of Contending (from the Odyssey by Homer)

Odysseus- The Man Skilled in All Ways of Contending (from the Odyssey by Homer) In The Odyssey by Homer, the character Odysseus proves his resourcefulness and intelligence. He uses this cleverness throughout the book in his adventures, proving his peira, or worth, since he is an epic hero. He is known by all, including the gods, for his cleverness.On the island of Kalypso, Odysseus proves that he is faithful to his wife and also clever in how he addresses Kalypso. Kalypso begs him in Book 5 to stay with her, and her temptation nearly makes Odysseus fall for her allure. She promises not only to save him from having to face problems in getting home, but to also give him immortality, which is a very desirable choice for anyone. But Odysseus is not interested. He wants to be back with his wife, but when asked who is more beautiful, he tactfully replies to Kalypso:"My lady goddess, here is no cause for anger.ODYSSEUS karnavires 68My quiet Penelopehow well I knowWould seem a shade before your majesty,Death and old age being unknown to you,While she must die"(p. 87)Say ing that Kalypso is more beautiful than Penelope is smart. Kalypso's plea causes tension in Odysseus' journey. He wants to see his wife and home again, but he also presumably wants all the tempting things Kalypso has to offer. He makes a wise decision in making her swear by the Styx that she will not try to harm him if he chooses to go home. This is wise, as she cannot break this promise, and proves his cunning.Odysseus proves his resourcefulness a couple times on the island of the Cyclops known as Polyphemos. Odysseus tells the Cyclops that his name is "Nobody," so after poking the monster's eye out, the Cyclops cannot tell the others of his race who disabled him. He...

Is CEO Compensation Justified by Performance Research Paper

Is CEO Compensation Justified by Performance - Research Paper Example Since they are getting a well paying compensation, they do not have any other businesses or money generating activities. Having other income generating activities will affect their concentration on the firm. This could ruin the firm’s performance as they are concentrating on other businesses. However, when all their attention is attracted to the firm that is offering perfect compensation, they are likely to reflect the best performance. In such a situation, the firm is likely to flourish in recording the best performance. CEOs that have a well paying compensation scheme depict the aspect of creativity and critical thinking. Creativity is vital in ensuring a firm is on the best track to give stunning performance. Creativity includes slotting better avenues of conducting businesses with clients and other businesses. In such a situation, the businesses are best prepared to record positive performance in the market. Similarly, creativity in a firm ensures all the activities are do ne at the right time and at the right place. For instance, creativity ensures the institution effects all the plans at the right time. This includes market inception plans for some products and services. Without such creativity, the firm is likely to record dwindling performance (Joshi, 2). ... However, lowly rated CEOs do not enhance the critical thinking aspect as they do not have the sole interest. Apparently, firms that remunerate their CEOs with high compensation are well prepared to tackle any setbacks in the market due to critical thinking aspect. The performance of a firm depends on employee and CEO morale. Employees and CEOs that have high morale are likely to record positive performance in the market. However, employees and CEOs that do not have morale in the business are likely to wilt the business. Apparently, CEOs that have a high compensation rate have morale to record better performance with each passing financial calendar. Since they have a better compensation, they have nothing to lose when the firm is on the verge of making an even better improvement. In many instances, the CEOs will be committed to making a better performance since they are given better compensation (Schwartz 1). In such instances, the CEOs will go to greater heights of ensuring the moral e of their employees is boosted. When the morale of workers is enhanced, it is almost certain that the firm will make an improvement with time. However, when the CEOs do not have the best preparation in enhancing their own morale, the workers’ morale will also be low. As such, they both will not have any commitment in making a better accrual in the firm. CEOs with high compensation rate have a future in the firm. The futuristic aspect is mostly enhanced by the better compensation in comparison to other CEOs. Such CEOs will be futuristic and will give all it takes to make an improvement in the firm. For instance, when the CEOs have better compensation, they are likely to make long term commitments to the firm. Given that they want to protect

Settlement House Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Settlement House Movement - Essay Example The lady has the image of â€Å"Gentle angle of mercy† which is accurate but incomplete to certain extent as she was also viewed as businesswoman who is shrewd but has expertise in fund rising and skilled agent for publicity. All of these skills combined proved to be successful for the lady as it drove Hull House to success and gave Jane Addams a status of being a celebrity. She has been made Head of The National Conference of Charities and Corrections, the Women’s League for International Peace and Freedom and the Women’s Peace Party. She was awarded Nobel Prize for Peace in 1993 that was shared with Nicholas Murray Butler (Pickus, 10). Jane Addams is among the pioneers of social work and her aim of life was to provide as much help as possible to the people who are poor. The lady has been recognized worldwide for establishing a settlement house in Chicago, Illinois; the house was her home which was dedicated to help poor people who are living in urban areas. The primary aim of Jane Addams was to live side by side with poor people and understand their problems while help them in dealing with them so that they can live a good life (Rabin, 50). She was born in Cedarville region of Illinois State on 8th September in 1860. Her father was Legislator of the State and she had eight siblings. Her mother passed away when she was only three years old; Jane was born with curved spine and it was embarrassing for her as she was getting older. In 1881, Jane Addams completed her graduation from Rockford Female Seminary and she started studying medicine in Women’s College of Pennsylvania; she was unable to continue her education when her father passed away and her health problems made difficult for her to complete her studies. In order to have surgery for her congenital spinal defect in 1882, she abandoned her studies and went for this remedial solution for her problem. From 1883-1885, she went for tour

Maple Syrup Urine Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Maple Syrup Urine Disease - Essay Example This enzyme complex is composed of three catalytic components E1, E2, and E3 and two regulatory enzymes, BCKD phosphatase and BCKD kinase. The E1 component is further divided into two subunits, E1 and E1 (Bodamer, 2008). The defect in maple syrup urine disease lies in the E1, E1, E2, and E3 components (Fauci et al, 2008: 2472). In addition, E3 component is also associated with pyruvate dehydrogenase and -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, thus, this defect in BCKD with specific mutation in E3 causes additional deficit in pyruvate and -ketoglutarate dehydrogenases (Bodamer, 2008). The catabolism of BCAAs involves the same enzymes in the first two steps (Laygo, 2007:28). The first enzyme utilized is BCAA aminotransferase which converts leucine, isoleucine and valine to their -ketoacids: -ketoisocaproic acid, -keto--methylvaleric acid, and -ketoisovaleric acid respectively. The branched-chain -ketoacid dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the decarboxylation of these -ketoacids so that they are degraded to short fatty acids, isovaleryl-CoA, -methylbutyryl-CoA and isobutyryl-CoA (Leucine mildly to moderately elevated). Further metabolism should yield acetyl-CoA, acetoacetate, and succinyl-CoA (Bodamer, 2008). Among the clinical manifestations of maple syrup urine disease are lethargy, vomiting, encephalopathy, seizures, mental retardation, "maple syrup" odor and protein intoleranc

China Social Classes

China Social Classes The social class structure of China has a long history, ranging from the feudal society of imperial times to the industrialising and urbanising society of today. The traditional Chinese social structure was distinct in many ways from the Western societies. Not only has the Peoples Republic by far the largest population ruled by a single government, and has lacked an institutional church or otherwise powerful religious elite, it has also always had a unique and highly developed lineage system operating alongside a centralised bureaucratic political structure. The former disparities have led Whyte et al (1977) to conclude that modern processes of social change would proceed differently from both the West and other developing economies. The main aim of this essay is to describe and account for the changes in Chinas social classes since 1949. It is important, however, to firstly define this term so that a clear distinction of the social groups within the Chinese society can be drawn. It will become apparent, that not only have the changes for the various classes been vast, but also that the Maoist government had been hugely occupied with stratifying their people as a means to abolish the class structure to ultimately reach an egalitarian society. The principal line of reasoning of this paper is that these conflicting events have created the greatest divide amongst Chinese society, i.e. between the rural and the urban population, whose consequences are still omnipresent today more than thirty years after Maos death. â€Å"Class, at its core, is an economic concept; it is the position of individuals in the market that determines their class position. And it is how one is situated in the marketplace that directly affects ones life chances.† (Hurst, 2007) This was theorized by Weber in his three-component theory of stratification which includes wealth, prestige and power on the basis of unequal access to material resources.† (Weber, 1964). One of the most prominent Chinese sociologists and author of Xiangtu Zhonguo, Fei Xiaotong, argues that Chinese society consists of a meticulous ranking of people, who are classified according to distinct categories of social relationships. While western societies are made up of an organisational mode of association (tuantigeju), Chinese society is created by applying logic of chaxugeju, i.e. an egocentric system of social networks linking people together in multiple ways through moral demands on each person in a specific context. As such, Fei argues, China should not be viewed as a class-based but a net-work based system. This notion is a harsh contrast to the Marxist interpretation and to the use of class-analysis that Mao and others applied in an attempt to change Chinese society and to mobilise the peasantry, rather than as a way to understand it. Maos idea was to use Marxism to break through the old relational bonds of society, which he labelled feudalistic, and to create new ca tegories for rebuilding the social order. Much of the difficulties in understanding the Chinese concept of class stems from the tumult within the society it is intended to analyse. As Kraus (1981) notes first revolution, then rapid industrialisation have compressed a broad range of radical social changes within a single generation. And most of all, â€Å"changing Chinese approaches to the class system of the PRC are themselves elements in the social conflict which they prescribe, illuminate and obscure† (ibid). The Party had a great interest in class analysis, which was purely strategic, never academic. Maos 1926 essay â€Å"the Analysis of the Classes in Chinese Society† opens with the question â€Å"Who are our enemies? Who are our friends?† (Selected Works of Mao Tse-Tung, 1967). In order to reach one day the desired egalitarian society that Marx had proposed for the future the party had to specify the social order of the present time and of each individual c itizen. That way, potential support could be identified and mobilised, the enemies isolated and the intermediate classes be persuaded to join sides with the revolutionaries. In an attempt to identify the people who should receive benefits and those who should lose them, the Party applied a complex system of over sixty class designations which ranged from categories that were clearly bad such as capitalists and landlords, through to intermediate designations of petty bourgeoisie and middle peasant, to the workers and poor peasants in whose name the revolution had been made.1 The unfamiliarity of the ordinary people and many cadres with the Marxist notion of class categories led Mao to demand the press to publish the categories in newspapers so that all persons could understand the significance of their new class designations. Since the revolution was based in rural areas, the semi-feudal set of class designations was more elaborate than others. Kraus (1981) suggests that the differen tiation of rural classes was complex both because of the wide-ranging relationships which they encompassed and because of the Partys experience with them. It is for this reason that the designation of strata within classes was particularly rich, including e.g. hired agricultural labourer, poor peasant, middle peasant, rich peasant etc., while the varieties of landlords are even more impressive and contain a certain connotation, such as enlightened landlord, bankrupt, tyrannical, reactionary, hidden or overseas Chinese landlords. Although the Party worked systematically in applying the theories of Karl Marx in designating the different classes, and although Marxs theory of class has been subject to considerable controversy among academics and practicing revolutionaries, it is certain that Marx never understood class to be what twentieth-century western social science calls stratification. Unlike the latter, which is essentially a static concept, class is embedded in history, is dynamic and is centred upon the question of change. Dahrendorf (?) adds that, for Marx â€Å"the theory of class was not a theory of a cross section of society arrested in time but a tool for the explanation of changes in total societies.† Social Change under Mao: During empirical times prestige was generated from education, abstention from manual labour, wealth expended on the arts and education, as well as a large family with many sons and an extensive personal network. In summary, there was no sharp divide between the elite and masses, and social mobility was possible and common. Chinese society since the second decade of the twentieth century, has been the subject of a revolution intended to change it in fundamental ways. As the model shows, Chinese society now has a peasant class, a working class (which includes urban state workers and urban collective workers as well as urban non-state workers and peasant workers), a capitalist class (about 15 million), a cadre class (about 40 million and a quasi-cadre class (about 27 million). According to Li Yi the basic pattern of Chinese society was established by 1960, and all changes since then, including the economic reforms in the 1980s have only been modifications and adjustments to the pattern. Li describes this pattern as â€Å"cellular†, i.e. most people belong to one large, all-embracing unit such as a factory, government office of village. The main transformation of the society was carried out by the party during the 1950s in a series of major campaigns. Society was organised â€Å"vertical†, i.e. each individual and social group was put into a hierarchically organised system as opposed to belonging to social institutions that were organised horizontally by their members. On the macro-level one could find the pervasive system of the cerntralised buraucracy (xitong) which itself was organised according to the ‘branch (tiao) principle. The micro-level was represented by work-units (danwei), state-enterprises and rural collectives, which encompassed each individuals live comprehensively. As White (1993) notes, this â€Å"system of verticality has led to social encapsulation† , which means that individuals and groups were â€Å"encloistered† within their units and separated from other units at the same level. Cadres after 1950s: After 1949, the Communist Party cadres became the new upper class in China, with the revolutionaries ruling the country. Their status allowed them access to materials and options that werent fairly distributed or otherwise reachable. Especially housing, which was in great demand particularly in the larger cities, was easily accessible for cadres who were protected from the intense competition for the scarce living space. Countryside: When the communists came to power in the 1950s, the social hierarchy changed fundametally. The communist party held peasants and those people in esteem who had joined the communist revolution. In an attempt to reduce rural inequalities, resources were confiscated from the wealthy, and since wealth consisted primarily of agricultural land, the landlord families were the target of harsh punishment campaigns. Many of the latter as well as educated elites lost their land and other properties and many were executed in retribution for the exploitation of tenant farmers. From 1951 one, the initial land reform redistributed the confiscated land equally and foremostly to those families who didnt own any for them to farm privately. In 1953, however, a series of reformes were implemented in which the government began taking back this land, designating it as community property. â€Å"Families were required to work larger plots of land collectively, in groups of twenty to forty households† (bookrags.com, 2008) and the harvest was split between the government and the collective. At the same time, local governments took over commerce, shops, markets and other forms of private trade and replaced them by supply and marketing cooperatives and the commercial bureaus of the local governments. Thus, instead of using the farmed produce for themselves and instead of selling of the surplus on local markets, individuals were â€Å"paid† for their efforts in points by the newly established supply cooperatives, which then periodically traded the grain for money. On the whole, the size of the unit was increased and the role of private ownership as well as inherited land was decreased. By the early 1960s, an estimated 90 million family farms had been replaced by about 74,000 communes. Maos overall vision was to capitalise on the sheer number of peasants and effecitvely produce a surplus harvest that would help industralisation. This was known as the Great Leap forward, which is now widely regarded as a failure since it had resulted in the death of more than twenty million peasants. Urban life after 1950: At the same time as the land reforms were implemented in rural areas, large industries and in fact virtually all privately owned business were nationalised in the cities and craft enterprises and guilds were reorganised into large-scale cooperatives which became the branches of the local governments. Just as farmers were put into communes, state workers were placed in large work units called danweis. In an effort to ensure full employment, market competition in these firms was eliminated. People leaving school were assigned jobs bureaucratically, and once matched a job, employees could not quit voluntarily. But they could not be fired either, and thus had a job guaranteed in the same company for life with their children inheriting their position. In fact, there did not exists such a word as ‘unemploment in the Chinese language, according to the idea that there exist no unemployment in socialist countries, only individuals â€Å"waiting for work† (Imamura, 2003). Mobility within the danwei mostly only consisted of gaining administrative promotions. Since most of the alternative routes to social mobility were closed off, formal education continued to be the primary avenue of upward mobility. But since the urban education reform grew at a rate much faster than in rural areas, more and more workers were high school graduates. The slowing of state industries and the increasing number of qualified middle class candidates contributed to the fact that it became increasingly difficult to obtain a position as a state worker. Hence, urban youths not selected for further eduaction and those looking for work were often sent to rural areas to work in agriculture. This flow has been increased by more intensive mobilisation and a new law was passed that demanded secondary school graduates to work in agriculture for at least to years before becoming eligible for further schooling. In this mode, a total of 12 million urban youths were moved to the countryside betwee n 1968 and 1975 (Whyte et al, 1977). These large transfers of urban people to rural areas were made possible by the state monopoly over employment and urban housing, by the hukou registration and rationing, and by the impressive political network that had alrady been established in all neighbourhoods. On the whole, one can say that this rural settlement has been accomplished by social pressure rather than by incentives to move. It is debatable whether this massive programm of population transfers was intended primarily to â€Å"avoid having large numbers of ‘unemployed people living in cities parasitically† (Bernstein, 1977), or whether this was meant to be part of a more positive effort to close the rural-urban gap by supplying villages with well-educated and more scientifically sophisticated personnel. Urban inequalities were further reduced through salary compression in firms. Differences in the salary paid for high-skill, high-prestige occupations such as doctors and other professionals, and blue-collar work such as unskilled factory employees was decreased dramatically. Efforts were also maid to downplay the social importance of the former and to increase the prestige of the latter. Ever concerned about economic inequalities, the government also appropriated wealth and abolished labout markets in urban areas. Privately owned housing was seized and subdivided into much smaller living spaces. Effectively, families could rent apartments but never purchase them, which abolished a key element in wealth inequalities because properties could not be perpetuated from generation to generation any longer. Communist overall: position? It is readily distinguishable that communism has brought about far-reaching changes in China with the rural population having to adjust to the shifting ideological currents. Traditionally, the average citizen, and especially the more than eighty percent rural population, had little or nothing to do with the central of local government. Most peasants lives were centred on their home village or township, while the family was the main unit of economic production and social activity. The Maoist revolution, however, injected the Communist party into every sphere of rural and urban life and every institution of society. Thus, for the average Chinese citizen, whether rural or urban, Communism has brought about an almost intrusive role of governmental element into the daily life and embedded itself in the operations of all significant facets of the economy and society. The formerly local, small-scale and fragmented power structure was replaced by a national and well-integrated bureaucratic s ystem. The unpredictable consequences of market forces were replaced by administrative allocation and changing economic polices enforced by the government. Rural-Urban-Divide Marx did, moreover, make out the elimination of the distinction between city and countryside as one of the major goals of the future Communist society. In the 1950s, however, and ironically enough in light of Marxist pretensions the Party drove a wedge between rural and urban areas that was novel in Chinese history. Solinger (1999) explains that its chief purpose was to lock onto the land a potential underclass, ready to be exploited to fulfill the new states cherished project of industrialisation. The party used administrative orders and resource controls to isolate the urban population, not just geographically but socially as well. Although Marx had predicted that only capitalist states would do so, the party hoped to be to be able to draw upon the peasantry as an industrial reserve army. The Hukou-System By the 1960s the Chinese government had implemented their policy of household registration which was different from anything that had previously existed both in China and in the rest of the socialist world. The aim of the hukou system was to avoid over-urbanisation, to make distribution of state services through the work units and communes easter and to better prepare the population for a possible invastion by the Sovjet Union. It eliminated geographical mobility entirely since it â€Å"fixed people permanently on the basis of their birth place or their husbands residence† (Cheng and Selden, the City) and thus made it illegal to migrate from the countryside into cities.Accordingly, all persons were required to register their place of residence officially, with records maintained by the public security office of the higher agricultural cooperative in the countryside and in the neighborhood in cities. From then on, residence status became an ascribed, inherited one, which determ ined an individuals entire livelihood and welfare based on the location of the registration. Since rations of grain, cloth and other needed articles were tied to ones hukou, individuals living in urban areas without permission had to live off friends, relatives or the black market. Although a class system in the usual sense was abolished, a new set of categories, if not precisely a new class system supplanted the dismantled class hierarchy of the past. There were 6 different levels of ranks, in descending order: peasants, non-peasants, city and town residents, urbanities, those in large cities, and those in cities directly administered by the central government. â€Å"Just after liberation, peasant households did not fell lower rank (diren yideng) and urban ones did not feel higher Later, a great difference in interest came from the differences in where one lived†¦ A ranking structure was gradually established with the peasant household at the lowest level.† (Ging, Zhongguo xianxing). Therefore, one can conclude that the hukou system did actually set up a new class distinctions between the rural and urban populace. This understanding of class draws upon Honigs work on the ethnicity of native place in China, in which she offers the rich insight that native-place identity, and thus the urban-versus-rural-identity can well serve as â€Å"a metaphor for class† (Honig, Creating Chinese Ethnicity). The boundaries placed around the rural population as a whole rendered the peasantry as a separate, inferior class or status group in comparison to urban residents. Because the generic peasant was not legally prohibited from migrating, when the Hukou was destroyed in (?), migration took on a totally state-determined and ‘class-based dimension. As Kraus rightly states, â€Å"the CCP first set boundaries around peasants, marking them off as a separate, ascribed status group almost a pariah class and then barring them from entering urban areas.† Or if they did enter, it was never as citizens, but as subjects, who were not supported with the rationed food or access to welfare services. When peasants and semi-peasants entered the city, the often felt comparatively deprived by the tightly locked city walls. Whereas everyone was poor in the country side, differences in wealth were readily obvious after entering the city. Impact of Economic Reform on Chinese Society On the eve of reform, the structure of Chinese civil society was similar to a typical less-developed country of the third world, despite Maos efforts to make certain industrial and technological advancements, which were most notable in the nuclear armaments sector. As Chinese social statistical data (Zhongguo shehui tongji ziliao) states, in 1978 eightytwo percent of the population were rural, 71% of the countrys labour force worked in agriculture or related activites, 93.3% worked in manual labour as opposed to mental ones and the private sector was negligible so that the main destinction was between state and collective sectors. The vast majority of the people, i.e. 76% worked in rural collectives, and only 5.1% in urban collectives. 18.6 % of the people worked for state enterprises. White (1993) concludes, that this institutional devide reinforced the rural-urban distintion because levels of income and conditions of work were generally superior in state firms. Since the rise of ot her classes such as self-employed or private entrepreneurs was prohibited, Chinas social structure on the eve of reform was relatively homogenous. According to White, the ‘official structure only contained two classes (workers and peasants) and one stratum (intelligentsia). In an attempt to further homogenise the members of each social group, uniform conditions of work were imposed upon them and the emergence of internal differences limited. The economic reforms, on the whole, have affected the specific social classes in different ways and have led to changes in the existing groups and have even led to the rise of new ones. This has created a new political environment which may affect the fundamental credibility of the communist regime and may influence the policy process in the future. The main impact of the reforms on society can be described as its shift â€Å"away from the state and its ancillary agencies† (ibid) towards individuals, households, firms and groups. The change in the relationship between the state and society has brought about an uneven redistribution of economic power for the latter and this dispersion of greater social power has opened up the potential for a new social sphrere with greater social autonomy from the state. One can possible observe the shoots of an incipient civil society which also brings about crucial implications for Chinas long-term political future. These shifts were part of a broader process of rapid social differentiation. Chinese social structure has become more complex both in terms of structure and attitudes because the existing classes have itself become more internally complex due to diversification in the different economic sectors, in the forms of ownership and the levels of income. Some of the new classes and strata that have emerged are: The nuveau-riche peasant, who have made money quickly in recent years through specialised agricultural production or diversification into the local industries, trade and services. (see Song article); Private entrepreneurs in the cities, who have accumulated small fortunes through personal initiatives, specialised skills or good guanxi-networks; A growing number of entrepreneurial managers in state-owned enterprises who are well attuned to the spreading logic of market competition. Moreover, Chinese society has become more fluid and dynamic again and there has been a rapid increase in horizontal mobility within the countryside, between urban and rural areas and between regions. Conclusion: The political apparatus used to destroy the old inequalities has itself given rise to a new set of social distinctions. Political power has been employed to transform Chinese society but it seems that the Party changed society faster than it has been able to modify its comprehension of a dynamic social structure. As Wallerstein concludes, â€Å"classes do not have some permanent reality. Rather, they are formed, they consolidate themselves, they disintegrate or disaggregate, and are reformed. It is a process of constant movement, and the greatest barrier to understanding their action is reification.† In the capitalist society movement between classes is a possibility. Hence the use of the term â€Å"The American Dream† to show the ability of people to ascend to a higher class through hard work and ingenuity. â€Å"Class composition is forever changing, to the point where there may be a completely new set of families.† (Schumpeter, 165) Furthermore, Chinas leaders wanted to change some aspects that were found in the traditional society such as the content of education and rural tenure, but they left other aspects, e.g. the family structure, largely untouched. In the villages the army offered the only reasonable alternative to a lifetime spent in the fields, and in fact, demobilised soldiers staffed much of the local administrative structure in rural areas. Systematic attempt by the regime to contain society within a limited number of categories. 1 see handout about social classes References: Hurst, Charles E. (2007). Social Inequality Forms, Causes, and Consequences Sixth Edition. Allyn and Bacon Boston, MA. Weber, Max. (1964). The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. edited by Talcott Parsons. New York, NY: The Free Press Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung, Beijing: Foreign Language Press, 1967, 1:13 (Wallerstein, I. (1975) ‘Class-Formation in the Capitalist World-Economy, Politics and Society, Volume 5(3) p. 369) White, G. (1993), Riding the Tiger The Politics of Economic Reform in Post-Mao China. London: Macmillan. http://www.bookrags.com/research/social-stratificationchina-ema-05/ as at 3rd. April 2008. Imamura, H. (2003) ‘Unemployment Problems and Unemployment Insurance in China Far Eastern Studies Vol.2 (March), pp.45-67. Whyte, M.K., Vogel, E.F., and Parish, W.L. (1977) ‘Social Structure of World Regions: Mainland China Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 3, pp. 179-207. Bernstein, T. (1977) The Transfer of Urban Youth to the Countryside: Revolutionary Change in China. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. Zhongguo shehui tongji ziliao (ZGSHTJZL; China Social Statistical Data

A Childs Struggle in Alices Adventures in Wonderland Essay -- Alice

A Child's Struggle in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland      Ã‚   Lewis Carroll's Wonderland is a queer little universe where a not so ordinary girl is faced with the contradicting nature of the fantastic creatures who live there. Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is a child's struggle to survive in the condescending world of adults. The conflict between child and adult gives direction to Alice's adventures and controls all the outstanding features of the work- Alice's character, her relationship with other characters, and the dialogue. " Alice in Wonderland is on one hand so nonsensical that children sometimes feel ashamed to have been interested in anything so silly (Masslich 107)." The underlying message of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is a rejection of adult authority. The character of Alice is not at all like what you would find in a typical children's book. "The character of Alice herself is a bit puzzling, even to the modern child, because it does not fit a stereotype. How much more unusual she must have seemed to Victorian children, used to girl angels fated for death (in Dickens, Stowe, and others), or to impossibly virtuous little ladies, or to naughty girls who eventually reform in response to heavy adult pressure... But Alice is neither naughty nor overly nice. Her curiosity leads her into her initial adventure and most of the latter ones in the book... (Leach 119)." As Alice makes her way through Wonderland , she is faced with many pompous personalities that have their own ways of thinking and do not understand why Alice does not agree with their views. Alice takes into consideration what each character says. After becoming quite confused and disgruntled she learns that everyone in Wonderland is in fact m... ...,1865. Empson, William "Alice in Wonderland" Some Versions of Pastoral (1974). 812-14 Rpt. in Nineteenth- Century Literature Criticisms. Ed. Laurie Harris. Detroit: Gale Research, 1982. 2: 112- 14. Harris, Laurie, ed. Nineteenth- Century Literature Criticisms. Detroit: Gale Research, 1982. 76 vols. Hubbell, George Shelton "The Sanity of Wonderland" The Sewanee Review (1927) 387-98. Rpt. in Nineteenth- Century Literature Criticisms. Ed. Laurie Harris. Detroit: Gale Research, 1982. 2: 109. Leach, Elsie "Alice in Wonderland" The Victorian Newsletter (1964) Rpt. in Nineteenth- Century Literature Criticisms. Ed. Laurie Harris. Detroit: Gale Research, 1982. 2: 119. Masslich, George B. "A Book Within a Book" The English Journal (1921) 119-29. Rpt. in Nineteenth- Century Literature Criticisms. Ed. Laurie Harris. Detroit: Gale Research, 1982. 2: 107.

Effective Study Skills Essay

Why it is so hard to concentrate while studying, or even to study effectively? The hardest part of studying is concentrating on the material at hand. Memorizing everything is nearly impossible, but with a better understanding of effective memorization skills you can improve your memorization skills surely. Did you know that the most effective method of studying is to use notes, or note-cards? Some people actually have trouble taking notes, due to improper note taking methods. Although there are many different methods for effective study skills, there are three that have been proven to be the most effective: concentration, memorization, and ote taking skills. Have you ever found yourself reading a paragraph, and when you finish you think to yourself, â€Å"What did I Just read†? Well 10 and behold; it happens to the best of us. One proven method of concentration is to get yourself into a quite, but not completely silent to where you hear yourself think, environment. Also if you will adjust yourself to where you are not slouching or hunching over, as these positions tend to make you ache or get sleepy. The next step is to read at a steady pace, not too fast to where you forget and not to slow to where you read the same thing over and If you’re like me then you probably forget a lot of things you read on a daily basis. I sometimes find myself wishing I was like a computer and I could Just store anything and everything, except for viruses. We, as human beings, cannot and will not ever be able to remember everything; however we can remember key items, but only with the proper techniques. The key to remembrance is to review more than once, and take breaks in between your study sessions. Also be sure to prioritize what you plan to study and how you plan to conduct your study sessions. Another proven memorization technique is to take notes, which we will discuss next. Proper note taking is probably the hardest of the three steps, due to most people not knowing what to take note of. Many people can take notes great, but some have trouble knowing what to write down, or if the note they Just wrote is even note- worthy. Any form of note-taking that requires compilation of information by categories, rather than in narrative form is best done using index cards. Index cards are a life saver when it comes to taking notes, and the best part is you can use them for Q ; A, highlights, key points, or even paraphrasing. One of the best pieces of advice is that if the note doesn’t sound note-worthy, it’s probably not. Effective study skills can mean the difference between an A and a B. In most cases it can make a world of difference in your school of choice or even your life long career decisions. Many people today think that they had it rough when they went through school, well in my young age, we too have it rough and the only way to stay on top is through self improvement. Just remember the next time you sit down for a study session; concentration is the key, memorization will help you unlock the door, and taking notes will hopefully keep you from forgetting to lock it behind you. Effective Study Skills By hahaitsmine

Great Opportunities From Our Website

Great Opportunities From Our Website Additional Services Why Progressive Delivery is the Best Option for Managing Bigger Orders is accustomed to handling large assignments and we tend to consider these to be any writing project that is 20 pages or more in length. However, where assignments are typed in single-spacing, papers of 10 pages or more can also fall into the category of large assignments since double-spacing can easily inflate a 10+-page paper into a 20+-page one. In any case, these assignments can prove unwieldy and difficult for the customer to manage. This is where progressive delivery can help and it is one of the useful services you get when you choose as your writing partner. Get Your Assignment(s) Delivered in Parts or Sections the Main Benefits:Assignments will be expertly written by a knowledgeable writer while one of our meticulous proofreaders or editors will review it to ensure it is devoid of error. Orders are rendered more manageable getting an order delivered in sections makes it less difficult to monitor and track. Also, it provides the recipient with enough time before they have to hand in their entire paper by the deadline their tutor has set to check each part. For example, adjustments may be needed i.e. if the recipient does not instantly approve the work. A lot more time 30 days instead of 2 days (in the case of standard delivery) for getting papers revised/corrected free-of-charge. Order lifecycle overseen by personal manager who a) facilitates smooth two-way communication between customer/writer and b) ensures order is completed to high standard and to customers satisfaction. How sections/drafts are delivered*:Time to complete order = four days (4 days) or a timeframe not greater than four days: Once the time allowed nears 50% completion, our company sends 25% (Section 1) of the customers assignment to them. (Suppose, therefore, a customer orders an assignment equaling 20 pages from and they have allowed 2 days for us to complete it, then we should send that customer 5 pages of their order by the time 1 day of the agreed time has elapsed). Time to complete order five to eleven days (5 to 11 days): Once the time allowed nears 25% completion, our company sends 25% (Section 1) of the customers assignment to them. When the time allowed nears 50% completion, our company sends 50% (Section 2) of the customers assignment to them. Time to complete order = twelve days (12 days) or a bigger timeframe: ) Once the time allowed nears 25% completion, our company sends 25% (Section 1) of the customers assignment to them. When the time allowed nears 50% completion, our company sends 50% (Section 2) of the customers assignment to them. And, finally, when the time allowed nears 75% completion, our company sends 75% (Section 3) of the customers assignment to them. As is normal practice, adds a small fee to the cost of regular delivery for this service in this case +15%. Remember, you can always contact our friendly agents or your personal writing manager if you find this way of delivering an order does not fit with your expectations i.e. if you have other preferences and/or requirements. On all occasions, our representatives will do everything in their power to find a solution that is satisfactory for our company and our customers. Additional Services Suitable for Orders Less than 20 Pages i.e. Short Orders! Drafts In the event you request a draft from our company, we will be happy to provide this but we can only do so once 50% of the mutually-agreed deadline is expired. Consequently, if we agree a mutually suitable deadline of 2 days, we will provide you with one of the following types of drafts once 1 day has expired: a) a 1-page draft comprised of 600 words if it is required in single line spacing or b) a 1-page draft comprised of 300 words if it is required in double line spacing. Summaries In the event you request a summary from our company, we will gladly provide a 1-page summary that lets you (and, if appropriate, your readers) see the main ideas/points/information from a bigger paper. Summary papers can be particularly helpful in certain circumstances (e.g., someone engaged in a piece of research work with a requirement to report progress or provide periodic updates to a supervisor (or tutor, etc.)). In these situations, summaries are an option that strongly recommends. Extended Revisions While offers (and even guarantees) free revisions to all customers, these are only available for a limited period following order delivery where our standard service applies. At present this timeframe is 48 hours. This free revision period can, however, be extended to 14 days if desired and/or where necessary.